{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:02:34Z","timestamp":1753891354158,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which induces a high release of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, leading to severe systemic disorders. Further, evidence has shown that recovered COVID-19 patients still have some symptoms and disorders from COVID-19. Physical exercise can have many health benefits. It is known to be a potent regulator of the immune system, which includes frequency, intensity, duration, and supervised by a professional. Given the confinement and social isolation or hospitalization of COVID-19 patients, the population became sedentary or opted for physical exercise at home, assuming the guarantee of the beneficial effects of physical exercise and reducing exposure to SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a supervised exercise protocol and a home-based unsupervised exercise protocol on chemokine and cytokine serum levels in recovered COVID-19 patients. This study was a prospective, parallel, two-arm clinical trial. Twenty-four patients who had moderate to severe COVID-19 concluded the intervention protocols of this study. Participants were submitted to either supervised exercise protocol at the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pernambuco or home-based unsupervised exercise for 12 weeks. We analyzed serum levels of chemokines (CXCL8\/IL-8, CCL5\/RANTES, CXCL9\/MIG, CCL2\/MCP-1, and CXCL10\/IP-10) and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-\u03b1, and IFN-\u03b3). Before the interventions, no significant differences were observed in the serum levels of chemokines and cytokines between the supervised and home-based unsupervised exercise groups. The CXCL8\/IL-8 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.04), CCL2\/MCP-1 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03), and IFN-\u03b3 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.004) levels decreased after 12 weeks of supervised exercise. In parallel, an increase in IL-2 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02), IL-6 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03), IL-4 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.006), and IL-10 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.04) was observed after the supervised protocol compared to pre-intervention levels. No significant differences in all the chemokines and cytokines were found after 12 weeks of the home-based unsupervised exercise protocol. Given the results, the present study observed that supervised exercise was able to modulate the immune response in individuals with post-COVID-19, suggesting that supervised exercise can mitigate the inflammatory process associated with COVID-19 and its disorders.<\/jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:uri>https:\/\/ensaiosclinicos.gov.br\/rg\/RBR-7z3kxjk<\/jats:uri>, identifier U1111-1272-4730.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1051059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T19:39:45Z","timestamp":1672861185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The impact of supervised physical exercise on chemokines and cytokines in recovered COVID-19 patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tayrine Ordonio","family":"Filgueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo 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