{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T04:52:38Z","timestamp":1777351958964,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>GBP<\/jats:italic>s (guanylate binding proteins), an evolutionary ancient protein family, play a key role in the host\u2019s innate immune response against bacterial, parasitic and viral infections. In Humans, seven GBP<\/jats:italic> genes have been described (GBP1-7<\/jats:italic>). Despite the interest these proteins have received over the last years, evolutionary studies have only been performed in primates, Tupaia<\/jats:italic> and rodents. These have shown a pattern of gene gain and loss in each family, indicative of the birth-and-death evolution process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>In this study, we analysed the evolution of this gene cluster in several bat species, belonging to the Yangochiroptera and Yinpterochiroptera sub-orders. Detailed analysis shows a conserved synteny and a gene expansion and loss history. Phylogenetic analysis showed that bats have GBP<\/jats:italic>s 1<\/jats:italic>,2<\/jats:italic> and 4<\/jats:italic>-6<\/jats:italic>. GBP2<\/jats:italic> has been lost in several bat families, being present only in Hipposideidae and Pteropodidae. GBP<\/jats:italic>s1<\/jats:italic>, 4<\/jats:italic> and 5<\/jats:italic> are present mostly as single-copy genes in all families but have suffered duplication events, particularly in Myotis myotis<\/jats:italic> and Eptesicus fuscus.<\/jats:italic> Most interestingly, we demonstrate that GBP6<\/jats:italic> duplicated in a Chiroptera ancestor species originating two genes, which we named GBP6a<\/jats:italic> and GBP6b<\/jats:italic>, with different subsequent evolutionary histories. GBP<\/jats:italic>6a underwent several duplication events in all families while GBP<\/jats:italic>6b is present as a single copy gene and has been lost in Pteropodidae, Miniopteridae and Desmodus rotundus<\/jats:italic>, a Phyllostomidae. With 14 and 15 GBP<\/jats:italic> genes, Myotis myotis<\/jats:italic> and Eptesicus fuscus<\/jats:italic> stand out as having far more copies than all other studied bat species. Antagonistically, Pteropodidae have the lowest number of GBP<\/jats:italic> genes in bats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Bats are important reservoirs of viruses, many of which have become zoonotic diseases in the last decades. Further functional studies on bats GBP<\/jats:italic>s will help elucidate their function, evolutionary history, and the role of bats as virus reservoirs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1329098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T04:19:33Z","timestamp":1706674773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evolution of guanylate binding protein genes shows a remarkable variability within bats (Chiroptera)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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