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Uncrewed Surface Vehicles (USVs) present a novel solution for measuring these crucial air-sea interactions at a global scale. Powered by renewable energy (e.g., wind and waves for propulsion, solar power for electronics), USVs have provided navigable and persistent observing capabilities over the past decade and a half. In our review of 200 USV datasets and 96 studies, we found USVs have observed a total of 33 variables spanning physical, biogeochemical, biological and ecological processes at the air-sea transition zone. We present a map showing the global proliferation of USV adoption for scientific ocean observing. This review, carried out under the auspices of the \u2018Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy\u2019 (OASIS), makes the case for a permanent USV network to complement the mature and emerging networks within the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). The Observations Coordination Group (OCG) overseeing GOOS has identified ten attributes of an <jats:italic>in-situ<\/jats:italic> global network. Here, we discuss and evaluate the maturation of the USV network towards meeting these attributes. Our article forms the basis of a roadmap to formalise and guide the global USV community towards a novel and integrated ocean observing frontier.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2025.1523585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T15:32:16Z","timestamp":1741361536000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Uncrewed surface vehicles in the Global Ocean Observing System: a new frontier for observing and monitoring at the air-sea interface"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ruth G.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Meghan F.","family":"Cronin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sebastiaan","family":"Swart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Beja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johan M.","family":"Edholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jason","family":"McKenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaime B.","family":"Palter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Charles I.","family":"Addey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wieter","family":"Boone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paban","family":"Bhuyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Justin J. 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