{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T05:19:12Z","timestamp":1768454352970,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mar. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pressures on the marine environment threaten biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services. Current marine environmental policies, such as the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive, require the assessment of combined effects and the application of ecosystem-based management approaches to maintain or achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) of marine ecosystems. We mapped the major activities and pressures affecting deep-sea benthic habitats in the mainland component of the Portuguese EEZ to assess their combined effects and support decision-making on management and conservation. Activities related to marine traffic, fisheries, and climate change processes are among the most prevalent in the study area. As a data-poor case study, most of the pressure layers were only partially mapped due to a lack of information or the inadequacy of the available data on activities to derive suitable proxies of pressure intensity. Pressures related to chemical changes, chemicals and other pollutants were the most widespread, while abrasion and damage were the most geographically limited. Endogenic pressures dominate in bathyal benthic habitats and decrease their prevalence with depth, while exogenic pressures are more widespread in the abyss than in the bathyal area. Benthic habitats in the bathyal zone, closer to the 200-meter bathymetric contour, consistently exhibited higher combined effect scores, suggesting higher risk of potential impacts on these ecosystem components. Research directed towards these areas is required to assess the state of these habitats and develop conservation and restoration measures, if necessary, to achieve GES. A continuous support for open-access databases containing high-quality, standardized, and harmonized marine data is crucial for future assessments of the combined effects of human pressures on deep-sea ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2025.1532964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T08:53:36Z","timestamp":1743152016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact chains for the deep seafloor: assessing pressures footprint under limited knowledge and uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"F\u00e1bio L.","family":"Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Hil\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Heliana","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Human uses, pressures and impacts in the eastern North Sea","author":"Andersen","year":"2013"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00158","article-title":"Expert assessment of risks posed by climate change and anthropogenic activities to ecosystem services in the deep North Atlantic","volume":"6","author":"Armstrong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2014.09.020","article-title":"Assessment of cumulative human pressures on a coastal area: Integrating information for MPA planning and management","volume":"102","author":"Batista","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manage."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12730","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012730","article-title":"Human activities on the deep seafloor in the North East Atlantic: an assessment of spatial extent","volume":"5","author":"Benn","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.339","article-title":"Exploring variability in environmental impact risk from human activities across aquatic ecosystems","volume":"652","author":"Borgwardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/focsu.2023.1308125","article-title":"Addressing the cumulative impacts of multiple human pressures in marine systems, for the sustainable use of the seas","volume":"1","author":"Borja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Ocean Sustain."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02017","article-title":"ggalluvial: layered grammar for alluvial plots","volume":"5","author":"Brunson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Open Source Software"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40795","article-title":"Deep-sea crustacean trawling fisheries in Portugal: Quantification of effort and assessment of landings per unit effort using a Vessel Monitoring System (VMS)","volume":"7","author":"Bueno-Pardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2021.104466","article-title":"Deep-sea trawling off the Portuguese continental coast\u2014-Spatial patterns, target species and impact of a prospective EU-level ban","volume":"128","author":"Campos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Polic."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.11.038","article-title":"A critical review of the potential impacts of marine seismic surveys on fish & invertebrates","volume":"114","author":"Carroll","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. pollut. Bull."},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Report of the regional workshop to facilitate the description of Ecologically or Biologically Significant marine areas in the North-East Atlantic Ocean","year":"2019"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i51","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsv123","article-title":"The impacts of deep-sea fisheries on benthic communities: A review","volume":"73","author":"Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaba4658","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba4658","article-title":"The soundscape of the Anthropocene ocean","volume":"371","author":"Duarte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2013.12.002","article-title":"The Convention on Biological Diversity\u2019s Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas: Origins, development, and current status","volume":"49","author":"Dunn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Polic."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1270485","article-title":"Long-term morphological and sedimentological changes caused by bottom trawling on the northern Catalan continental shelf (NW Mediterranean)","volume":"10","author":"Dur\u00e1n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsm001","article-title":"Human activities in UK offshore waters: an assessment of direct, physical pressure on the seabed","volume":"64","author":"Eastwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsw194","article-title":"The footprint of bottom trawling in European waters: distribution, intensity, and seabed integrity","volume":"74","author":"Eigaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2010.11.033","article-title":"Marine science and management means tackling exogenic unmanaged pressures and endogenic managed pressures \u2013 A numbered guide","volume":"62","author":"Elliott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. pollut. Bull."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.03.049","article-title":"And DPSIR begat DAPSI(W)R(M)!\u201d - A unifying framework for marine environmental management","volume":"118","author":"Elliott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. pollut. Bull."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-97540-1_6","article-title":"Introduction to sound propagation under Water","volume-title":"Exploring Animal Behavior Through Sound: Volume","author":"Erbe","year":"2022"},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"Directive 2008\/56\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17th June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive)\n          \n          \n          \n          2008"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.09.014","article-title":"How does the cumulative impacts approach support Maritime Spatial Planning","volume":"73","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2018.10.001","article-title":"Existing global marine protected area network is not representative or comprehensive measured against seafloor geomorphic features and benthic habitats","volume":"167","author":"Fischer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manage."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00420","article-title":"Light and shade in marine conservation across European and contiguous seas","volume":"5","author":"Fraschetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.10.010","article-title":"Using EUNIS habitat classification for benthic mapping in European seas: Present concerns and future needs","volume":"64","author":"Galparsoro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. pollut. Bull."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-11-6955-2014","article-title":"Projected pH reductions by 2100 might put deep North Atlantic biodiversity at risk","volume":"11","author":"Gehlen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1017\/s0376892903000225","article-title":"The deep-sea floor ecosystem: current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025","volume":"30","author":"Glover","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/341437a0","article-title":"Benthic-pelagic coupling in a deep-sea benthic community","volume":"341","author":"Graf","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13642","article-title":"The importance of benthic\u2013pelagic coupling for marine ecosystem functioning in a changing world","volume":"23","author":"Griffiths","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14177","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.14177","article-title":"A data-driven approach to multiple-stressor impact assessment for a marine protected area","volume":"38","author":"Griffiths","year":"2024","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf0861","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf0861","article-title":"The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean","volume":"373","author":"Grorud-Colvert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/es13-00181.1","article-title":"Assumptions, challenges, and future directions in cumulative impact analysis","volume":"4","author":"Halpern","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-263x.2009.00058.x","article-title":"Mapping cumulative human impacts to California Current marine ecosystems","volume":"2","author":"Halpern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Conserv. Lett."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2007.00752.x","article-title":"Evaluating and ranking the vulnerability of global marine ecosystems to anthropogenic threats","volume":"21","author":"Halpern","year":"2007","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1149345","article-title":"A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems","volume":"319","author":"Halpern","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139024","article-title":"Cumulative impact assessment for ecosystem-based marine spatial planning","volume":"734","author":"Hammar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2023.107121","article-title":"Rising snow line: Ocean acidification and the submergence of seafloor geomorphic features beneath a rising carbonate compensation depth","volume":"463","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"HELCOM Thematic assessment of spatial distribution of pressures and impacts 2016- 2021. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings 189","year":"2023"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123570","article-title":"Do electromagnetic fields from subsea power cables effect benthic elasmobranch behavior? A risk-based approach for the Dutch Continental Shelf","volume":"346","author":"Hermans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. pollut."},{"key":"B40","article-title":"raster: geographic data analysis and modeling","volume-title":"R package version 3.6-30","author":"Hijmans","year":"2024"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2023.1169665","article-title":"Deep sea nature-based solutions to climate change","volume":"5","author":"Hilmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Clim."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2019.00211","article-title":"Moving beyond silos in cumulative effects assessment","volume":"7","author":"Hodgson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.02.001","article-title":"A benthic classification system to aid in the implementation of marine protected area networks in the deep\/high seas of the NE Atlantic","volume":"143","author":"Howell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.584861","article-title":"A blueprint for an inclusive, global deep-sea ocean decade field program","volume":"7","author":"Howell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B45","volume-title":"Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VME)","year":"2020"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2017.09.034","article-title":"Climate change is likely to severely limit the effectiveness of deep-sea ABMTs in the North Atlantic","volume":"87","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Polic."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19354-6","article-title":"Capturing expert uncertainty in spatial cumulative impact assessments","volume":"8","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2019.12.016","article-title":"The blue acceleration: the trajectory of human expansion into the ocean","volume":"2","author":"Jouffray","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1271755","article-title":"Marine invasive alien species in Europe: 9 years after the IAS Regulation","volume":"10","author":"Katsanevakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106624","article-title":"Assessing the environmental status of selected North Atlantic deep-sea ecosystems","volume":"119","author":"Kazanidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1890\/12-1137.1","article-title":"Identifying common pressure pathways from a complex network of human activities to support ecosystem-based management","volume":"23","author":"Knights","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsu245","article-title":"An exposure-effect approach for evaluating ecosystem-wide risks from human activities","volume":"72","author":"Knights","year":"2015","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-020-01482-x","article-title":"Combined effects of human pressures on Europe\u2019s marine ecosystems","volume":"50","author":"Korpinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1006\/jmsc.2000.0722","article-title":"Continental slope and deep-sea fisheries: implications for a fragile ecosystem","volume":"57","author":"Koslow","year":"2000","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao5646","article-title":"Tracking the global footprint of fisheries","volume":"359","author":"Kroodsma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1176230","article-title":"A standardised ecosystem services framework for the deep sea","volume":"10","author":"La Bianca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2019.224","article-title":"Sustainability in deep water: the challenges of climate change, human pressures, and biodiversity conservation","volume":"32","author":"Levin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-0558-x","article-title":"Challenges to the sustainability of deep-seabed mining","volume":"3","author":"Levin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147339","article-title":"Cumulative impact assessments highlight the benefits of integrating land-based management with marine spatial planning","volume":"787","author":"Loiseau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2020.01.011","article-title":"A novel approach for cumulative impacts assessment for marine spatial planning","volume":"106","author":"Lonsdale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Polic."},{"key":"B61","article-title":"Marine mineral resources","volume-title":"Portugal and the constitution for the oceans: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 40 years later","author":"Madureira","year":"2023"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.110969","article-title":"Deep-sea litter in the Gulf of Cadiz (Northeastern Atlantic, Spain)","volume":"153","author":"Mecho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. pollut. Bull."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79889","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079889","article-title":"Cumulative human impacts on Mediterranean and Black Sea marine ecosystems: Assessing current pressures and opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Micheli","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B64","volume-title":"EUSeaMap 2023, A European broad-scale seabed habitat map, Technical Report. Ref. EASME\/EMFF\/2020\/3.1.11\/Lot3\/SI2.843624 \u2013 EMODnet Thematic Lot n\u00b0 3 \u2013 Seabed Habitats - D1.15","author":"Micka\u00ebl","year":"2023"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14996","article-title":"Climate-induced changes in the suitable habitat of cold-water corals and commercially important deep-sea fishes in the North Atlantic","volume":"26","author":"Morato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2011.08.009","article-title":"Litter in submarine canyons off the west coast of Portugal","volume":"58","author":"Mordecai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107051","article-title":"Recent fishing footprint of the high-seas bottom trawl fisheries on the Northwestern Hawaiian Ridge and Emperor Seamount Chain: A finer-scale approach to a large-scale issue","volume":"121","author":"Morgan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1991.10484804","article-title":"Factorial sampling plans for preliminary computational experiments","volume":"33","author":"Morris","year":"1991","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.4964","article-title":"From land to deep sea: A continuum of cumulative human impacts on marine habitats in Atlantic Canada","volume":"15","author":"Murphy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45843-0_18","article-title":"Ecosystem-based management (EBM)and ecosystem services in EU law, policyand governance","volume-title":"Ecosystem-Based Management, Ecosystem Services and Aquatic Biodiversity","author":"O\u2019Hagan","year":"2020"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2020.104182","article-title":"Towards a common approach to the assessment of the environmental status of deep-sea ecosystems in areas beyond national jurisdiction","volume":"121","author":"Orejas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Polic."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020gl091279","article-title":"Persistence of biogeochemical alterations of deep-sea sediments by bottom trawling","volume":"48","author":"Paradis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.667048","article-title":"Shedding light on deep-sea biodiversity\u2014A highly vulnerable habitat in the face of anthropogenic change","volume":"8","author":"Paulus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.32614\/rj-2018-009","article-title":"Simple features for R: standardized support for spatial vector data","volume":"10","author":"Pebesma","year":"2018","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.111157","article-title":"SCAIRM: A spatial cumulative assessment of impact risk for management","volume":"157","author":"Piet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.684753","article-title":"Contesting political decisions involving environmental issues: A case study in Portugal based on the press about offshore oil and gas drilling","volume":"8","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B77","volume-title":"QGIS Geographic Information System","year":"2023"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2017.00350","article-title":"Deep-sea mega-epibenthic assemblages from the SW Portuguese margin (NE Atlantic) subjected to bottom-trawling fisheries","volume":"4","author":"Ramalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00457","article-title":"Ecosystem functioning under the influence of bottom-trawling disturbance: an experimental approach and field observations from a continental slope area in the West Iberian Margin","volume":"7","author":"Ramalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004391567_004","article-title":"Chapter 2 deep-sea ecosystems: biodiversity and anthropogenic impacts","volume-title":"The Law of the Seabed","author":"Ramirez-Llodra","year":"2020"},{"key":"B81","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2024"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabq0135","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq0135","article-title":"Global estimates of fishing gear lost to the ocean each year","volume":"8","author":"Richardson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1001676","article-title":"Integrated ecosystem assessment around islands of the tropical South Mid-Atlantic Ridge","volume":"10","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4731","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16859","article-title":"Human-induced salinity changes impact marine organisms and ecosystems","volume":"29","author":"R\u00f6thig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/17538941003660974","article-title":"SeaDataNet \u2013 Pan-European infrastructure for marine and ocean data management: unified access to distributed data sets","volume":"3","author":"Schaap","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"B86","unstructured":"ggrepel: Automatically Position Non-Overlapping Text Labels with \u201cggplot2\u201d. R package version 0.9.6\n          \n          \n            \n              Slowikowski\n              K.\n            \n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00144","article-title":"Managing the marine environment, conceptual models and assessment considerations for the European marine strategy framework directive","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2020.07.002","article-title":"Deep-sea misconceptions cause underestimation of seabed-mining impacts","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2021.104551","article-title":"Spatial overlap between human activities and seabed habitats in European Seas: Insights into EMODnet\u2019s data for management purposes","volume":"130","author":"Solaun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Polic."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0158248","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158248","article-title":"Improving fishing pattern detection from satellite AIS using data mining and machine learning","volume":"11","author":"Souza","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.289","article-title":"A risk-based approach to cumulative effect assessments for marine management","volume":"612","author":"Stelzenm\u00fcller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.5334\/jors.88","article-title":"Open source software for mapping human impacts on marine ecosystems with an additive model","volume":"4","author":"Stock","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Open Res. Softw."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12493","article-title":"Effects of model assumptions and data quality on spatial cumulative human impact assessments","volume":"25","author":"Stock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2019.e00545","article-title":"Environmental representativity in marine protected area networks over large and partly unexplored seascapes","volume":"17","author":"Stratoudakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.203","article-title":"Major impacts of climate change on deep-sea benthic ecosystems","volume":"5","author":"Sweetman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elem. Sci. Anth."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1173.1","article-title":"Using expert judgment to estimate marine ecosystem vulnerability in the California Current","volume":"20","author":"Teck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3941","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-11-3941-2014","article-title":"Ecosystem function and services provided by the deep sea","volume":"11","author":"Thurber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"B98","unstructured":"Todd\n              E.\n            \n          \n          Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP\n          JOIDES Resolution (JR) research vessel\n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B99","volume-title":"EUSeaMap 2021. A European broad-scale seabed habitat map. Ref. D1.13 EASME\/EMFF\/2018\/1.3.1.8\/Lot2\/SI2.810241\u2013 EMODnet Thematic Lot n\u00b0 2 \u2013 Seabed Habitats EUSeaMap 2021 - Technical Report","author":"Vasquez","year":"2021"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2014.10.005","article-title":"Lost fishing gear and litter at Gorringe Bank (NE Atlantic)","volume":"100","author":"Vieira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"B101","unstructured":"ggOceanMaps: Plot Data on Oceanographic Maps using \u201cggplot2\u201d. R package version 2.2.0\n          \n          \n            \n              Vihtakari\n              M.\n            \n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2024.104311","article-title":"Adverse effects of crushed seafloor massive sulphide deposits on the boreal deep-sea sponge Geodia barretti Bowerbank 1858 and its associated fauna","volume":"208","author":"Wurz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part: Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33854-0","article-title":"Reduced efficiency of pelagic\u2013benthic coupling in the Arctic deep sea during lower ice cover","volume":"13","author":"Zhulay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Marine Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2025.1532964\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T08:54:43Z","timestamp":1743152083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2025.1532964\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmars.2025.1532964"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2025.1532964","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-7745"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-7745","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"article-number":"1532964"}}