{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T10:25:56Z","timestamp":1765967156806,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Mar. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study reports the first viral nervous necrosis (VNN) outbreak in wild dusky grouper (\n                    <jats:italic>Epinephelus marginatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in the North Atlantic, and the first detection of the virus in island grouper (\n                    <jats:italic>Mycteroperca fusca<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Most affected fish displayed typical VNN clinical signs and lesions, and laboratory analyses confirmed the virus as the primary cause of mortality. The majority of the diseased individuals were large adults, underscoring the risk to stock sustainability and conservation of this vulnerable and iconic species. Viral sequences were highly homogeneous (&amp;gt;99% nucleotide similarity), suggesting a single, recent introduction. The outbreak coincided with a severe marine heatwave affecting the Azorean Archipelago in the summer of 2024, during which sea surface temperatures exceeded 25 \u00b0C, the optimal range for the RGNNV genotype replication. The absence of fatalities in the eastern islands may be due to several factors, including heterogeneous introduction pathways, oceanographic differences, and lower grouper densities. This event highlights the vulnerability of long-lived, site-attached species to emerging pathogens, particularly under climate-driven stress. Effective management requires coordinated regional responses, ecosystem monitoring and early detection systems to prevent further spread and safeguard wild grouper populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2025.1712250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T10:17:51Z","timestamp":1765966671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Marine heatwave associated Betanodavirus outbreak in wild groupers of the Azores"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Novoa-Pabon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Abbadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tobia","family":"Pretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Marsella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Toffan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2015.12.014","article-title":"Contrasting movements and residency of two serranids in a small Macaronesian MPA","volume":"177","author":"Afonso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fisheries Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00826","article-title":"The azores: A mid-atlantic hotspot for marine megafauna research and conservation","volume":"6","author":"Afonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.07.028","article-title":"Small marine reserves can offer long term protection to an endangered fish","volume":"144","author":"Afonso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2018.04.003","article-title":"Effects of marine protected areas on coastal fishes across the Azores archipelago, mid-North Atlantic","volume":"138","author":"Afonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2021.104562","article-title":"Sustainability status of the grouper fishery in the Azores archipelago: A length-based approach","volume":"130","author":"Amorim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132003000300009","article-title":"Reproductive biology of the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe 1834)","volume":"46","author":"Andrade","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2113\/gssgfbull.180.4.295","article-title":"How did they get here? the biogeography of the marine molluscs of the Azores","volume":"180","author":"\u00c1vila","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. la Societe Geologique France"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/14634988.2015.1027129","article-title":"An overview of thirty years of research on ballast water as a vector for aquatic invasive species to freshwater and marine environments","volume":"18","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecosystem Health Manage."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020106","article-title":"Betanodavirus and VER disease: A 30-year research review","volume":"9","author":"Band\u00edn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2014.09.016","article-title":"First generic one step real-time Taqman RT-PCR targeting the RNA1 of betanodaviruses","volume":"211","author":"Baud","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virological Methods"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"105","article-title":"L\u2019encephalite virale de loup de mer","volume":"2","author":"Bellance","year":"1998","journal-title":"Caraibes Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13181","article-title":"Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy is endemic in wild groupers (genus Epinephelus spp.) of the Algerian coast","volume":"43","author":"Boukedjouta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02367","article-title":"Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy outbreak in freshwater fish farmed in Italy","volume":"96","author":"Bovo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organisms"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2017.00037","article-title":"The Azores confluence zone","volume":"4","author":"Caldeira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2020.103357","article-title":"Temporal dynamics in diversity patterns of fish sound production in the Condor seamount (Azores, NE Atlantic)","volume":"164","author":"Carri\u00e7o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part I: Oceanographic Res. Papers"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FMARS.2017.00025","article-title":"Persistent enhancement of micronekton backscatter at the summits of seamounts in the Azores","volume":"4","author":"Casc\u00e3o","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-025-4541-3","article-title":"Record high temperatures in the ocean in 2024","volume":"42","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Atmospheric Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-017-9502-1","article-title":"A review of the biology, ecology, behavior and conservation status of the dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe 1834)","volume":"28","author":"Condini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Fish Biol. Fisheries"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-014-2016-0","article-title":"Trophic ecology of dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Actinopterygii, Epinephelidae) in littoral and neritic habitats of southern Brazil as elucidated by stomach contents and stable isotope analyses","volume":"743","author":"Condini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387231218223","article-title":"Betanodavirus meningoencephalitis in an Atlantic blue marlin","volume":"36","author":"Cook","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Veterinary Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"Record-breaking North Atlantic Ocean temperatures contribute to extreme marine heatwaves\n          \n          \n          10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2001.00292.x\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2001.00292.x","article-title":"Nodavirus infection of juvenile white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis, cultured in southern California: first record of viral nervous necrosis (VNN) in North America","volume":"24","author":"Curtis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr0910","article-title":"Record-breaking 2023 marine heatwaves","volume":"389","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"Pathways of introduction of non-indigenous","year":"2021"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2989\/18142320609504128","article-title":"Reproductive biology and growth of the yellowbelly rockcod Epinephelus marginatus (Serranidae) from South-East Africa","volume":"28","author":"Fennessy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr. J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51786-6","article-title":"Restructuring of the \u2018Macaronesia\u2019 biogeographic unit: A marine multi-taxon biogeographical approach","volume":"9","author":"Freitas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-9-2067","article-title":"Cell culture isolation of piscine neuropathy nodavirus from juvenile sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax","volume":"77","author":"Frerichs","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0383-9","article-title":"Marine heatwaves under global warming","volume":"560","author":"Fr\u00f6licher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.31.165","article-title":"Mass mortality of cultured sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus, associated with viral nervous necrosis","volume":"31","author":"Fukuda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fish Pathol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5708","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16301","article-title":"Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"28","author":"Garrabou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25378","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009748117","article-title":"Rapid onsets of warming events trigger mass mortality of coral reef fish","volume":"117","author":"Genin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. United States America"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"219","article-title":"Collaborative approach in the study of the reproductive biology of the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe 1934) (Perciformes: serranidae)","volume":"28","author":"Gerhardinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Scientiarum - Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.49.53","article-title":"Outbreak of Viral Nervous Necrosis in Endangered Fish species Epinephelus costae and E. marginatus in Northern Tunisian Coasts","volume":"49","author":"Haddad-Boubaker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Pathol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0736-7","article-title":"Identification of RNA regions that determine temperature sensitivities in betanodaviruses","volume":"155","author":"Hata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2014.11.016","article-title":"Divergence and codon usage bias of Betanodavirus, a neurotropic pathogen in fish","volume":"83","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3354\/meps325187","article-title":"Temporal patterns of spawning of the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus in relation to environmental factors","volume":"325","author":"Hereu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fst200","article-title":"BOFFFFs: on the importance of conserving old-growth age structure in fishery populations","volume":"71","author":"Hixon","year":"2014","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2015.12.014","article-title":"A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves","volume":"141","author":"Hobday","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2018.205","article-title":"Categorizing and naming marine heatwaves","volume":"31","author":"Hobday","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"B40","volume-title":"Boletim climatol\u00f3gico Agosto 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3354\/dao039037","article-title":"High permissivity of the fish cell line SSN-1 for piscine nodaviruses","volume":"39","author":"Iwamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dis. Of Aquat. Organisms"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285","article-title":"ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates","volume":"14","author":"Kalyaanamoorthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12020","article-title":"Betanodavirus-associated mortalities of adult wild groupers Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe) and Epinephelus costae (Steindachner) in Algeria","volume":"37","author":"Kara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.12681\/MMS.38147","article-title":"Dusky grouper massive die-off in a Mediterranean marine reserve","volume":"25","author":"Kersting","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mediterr. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152671","article-title":"Transporting ocean viromes: Invasion of the aquatic biosphere","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11263-4","article-title":"Regional genetic diversity for NNV grouper viruses across the Indo-Asian region \u2013 implications for selecting virus resistance in farmed groupers","volume":"7","author":"Knibb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/MOLBEV\/MSW054","article-title":"MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B48","first-page":"47","article-title":"Synth\u00e8se des observations sur l\u2019activit\u00e9 reproductrice du m\u00e9rou brun Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe 1834) en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e nord-occidentale","volume":"9","author":"Louisy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar. Life"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17091234","article-title":"Detection and genetic characterization of red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus and a novel genotype of nervous necrosis virus in black sea bass from the U. S. Atlantic coast","volume":"17","author":"Lovy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B50","first-page":"837","article-title":"Nodavirus in dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus, lowe 1834) of the natural marine reserve of Ustica, South Thyrrenian Sea","volume":"8","author":"Marino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Mar. Medit."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3354\/meps324241","article-title":"Structure and zonation of demersal fish assemblages off the Azores Archipelago (mid-Atlantic)","volume":"324","author":"Menezes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07269","article-title":"Evidence of a seamount effect on aggregating visitors","volume":"357","author":"Morato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2002.00350.x","article-title":"Betanodavirus infections of teleost fish : a review","volume":"25","author":"Munday","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03732-9","article-title":"Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century","volume":"9","author":"Oliver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-56","article-title":"In vitro study of the replication capacity of the RGNNV and the SJNNV betanodavirus genotypes and their natural reassortants in response to temperature","volume":"45","author":"Panzarin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinary Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.10.007","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of betanodavirus in southern Europe","volume":"12","author":"Panzarin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infection Genet. Evolution: J. Mol. Epidemiol. Evolutionary Genet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158814","article-title":"Molecular basis for antigenic diversity of genus Betanodavirus","volume":"11","author":"Panzarin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B59","volume-title":"Epinephelus marginatus","author":"Pollard","year":"2016"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GC005733","article-title":"The insular shelves of the Faial-Pico Ridge (Azores archipelago): A morphological record of its evolution","volume":"16","author":"Quartau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophysics Geosystems"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001170","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Nodaviridae","volume":"100","author":"Sahul Hameed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.3270050406","article-title":"Marine research, resources and conservation in the Azores","volume":"5","author":"Santos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aquat. Conservation: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.15163","article-title":"Temperature effects on teleost immunity in the light of climate change","volume":"101","author":"Scharsack","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-032122-121437","article-title":"Biological impacts of marine heatwaves","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2021.801217","article-title":"Onset and decline rates of marine heatwaves: global trends, seasonal forecasts and marine management","volume":"3","author":"Spillman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Climate"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-91992008000300002","article-title":"Ballast water: a review of the impact on the world public health","volume":"14","author":"Takahashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Venomous Anim. Toxins Including Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03003","article-title":"Water temperature affects pathogenicity of different betanodavirus genotypes in experimentally challenged Dicentrarchus labrax","volume":"119","author":"Toffan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organisms"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46755","article-title":"Viral nervous necrosis in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) caused by reassortant betanodavirus RGNNV\/SJNNV: an emerging threat for Mediterranean aquaculture","volume":"7","author":"Toffan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2006.08.003","article-title":"Phylogeny of betanodaviruses and molecular evolution of their RNA polymerase and coat proteins","volume":"43","author":"Toffolo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2021.106156","article-title":"Risk assessment of coastal fisheries in the Azores (north-eastern Atlantic)","volume":"246","author":"Torres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fisheries Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03378","article-title":"Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease in epinephelus marginatus from the Balearic Islands marine protected areas","volume":"135","author":"Valencia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organisms"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3354\/meps09701","article-title":"Modeling trophic interactions to assess the effects of a marine protected area: Case study in the NW Mediterranean Sea","volume":"456","author":"Valls","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2020.1810357","article-title":"Role of rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia (Artemia salina) nauplii in the horizontal transmission of a natural nervous necrosis virus (NNV) reassortant strain to Senegalese sole (Solea Senegalensis) larvae","volume":"40","author":"V\u00e1zquez-Salgado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Veterinary Q."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-20","article-title":"Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy in groupers (Epinephelus spp.) in southern Italy: a threat for wild endangered species","volume":"9","author":"Vendramin","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15052","article-title":"Deep segregation in the open ocean: Macaronesia as an evolutionary hotspot for low dispersal marine invertebrates","volume":"28","author":"Vieira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"B76","first-page":"1","article-title":"Potential threat of viruses in ballast water to aquaculture","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Marine Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2025.1712250\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T10:17:56Z","timestamp":1765966676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2025.1712250\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmars.2025.1712250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2025.1712250","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-7745"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-7745","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"article-number":"1712250"}}