{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T10:54:18Z","timestamp":1777028058340,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The development of critical thinking (CT) has been a universal goal in higher education. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of currently used pedagogical practices to foster CT\/ clinical reasoning (CR)\/ clinical judgment (CJ) skills and\/or dispositions in undergraduate medical students.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched from January 2010 to April 2021 with a predefined Boolean expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 3221 articles originally identified, 33 articles were included by using PICOS methodology. From these, 21 (64%) reported CR pedagogical practices and 12 (36%) CT pedagogical practices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, pedagogical practices such as cognitive\/visual representation, simulation, literature exposure, test-enhancing and team-based learning, clinical case discussion, error-based learning, game-based learning seem to enhance CT\/CR skills and\/or dispositions. Further research is required to identify the optimal timing, duration and modality of pedagogical interventions for effectively foster CT\/CR in medical education.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1358444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T04:48:08Z","timestamp":1718340488000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Critical thinking pedagogical practices in medical education: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandra F.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-016-9731-4","article-title":"Selecting for creativity and innovation potential: implications for practice in healthcare education","volume":"22","author":"Patterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.4878","article-title":"Five skills medical students should have","volume":"58","author":"Guragai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nepal Med Ass"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.14062","article-title":"Exploring transformative learning when developing medical students' non-technical skills","volume":"54","author":"Kerins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2006.12.008","article-title":"Understanding the information needs of public health practitioners: a literature review to inform design of an interactive digital knowledge management system","volume":"40","author":"Revere","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref6","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103366","article-title":"Critical thinking development\u2014a necessary step in higher education transformation towards sustainability","volume":"10","author":"Strakov\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain For"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02921.x","article-title":"Promoting cognitive and metacognitive reflective reasoning skills in nursing practice: self-regulated learning theory","volume":"45","author":"Kuiper","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3946\/kjme.2018.86","article-title":"Fostering critical thinking and collaborative learning skills among medical students through a research protocol writing activity in the curriculum","volume":"30","author":"Sahoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J Med Educ"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31828b0823","article-title":"Do scores on three commonly used measures of critical thinking correlate with academic success of health professions trainees? 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