{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T23:31:36Z","timestamp":1776123096807,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BA-6820\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BA-6820\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a family of transmembrane proteins. The subgroup of immunity-related (IR-)IFITMs is involved in adaptive and innate immune responses, being especially active against viruses. Here, we suggest that IFITMs should be classified as (1) a canonical IFITM gene cluster, which is located on the same chromosome, and (2) IFITM retrogenes, with a random and unique location at different positions within the genome. Phylogenetic analyses of the canonical cluster revealed the existence of three novel groups of primate IFITMs (pIFITM) in the IR-IFITM clade: the prosimian pIFITMs(pro), the new world monkey pIFITMs(nwm) and the old world monkey pIFITMs(owm). Therefore, we propose a new nomenclature: IR-pIFITM1, IR-pIFITM2, IR-pIFITM3, IR-pIFITMnwm, IR-pIFITMowm, and IR-pIFITMpro. We observed divergent evolution for pIFITM5 and pIFITM10, and evidence for concerted evolution and a mechanism of birth-and-death evolution model for the IR-pIFITMs. In contrast, the IFITMs scattered throughout the genomes possessed features of retrogenes retrotransposed by class 1 transposable elements. The origin of the IFITM retrogenes correspond to more recent events. We hypothesize that the transcript of a canonical IFITM3 has been constantly retrotransposed using class 1 transposable elements resulting in the IFITM retro(pseudo)genes. The unique pattern of each species has most likely been caused by constant pseudogenization and loss of the retro(pseudo)genes. This suggests a third mechanism of evolution for the IR-IFITMs in primates, similar to the birth-and-death model of evolution, but via a transposable element mechanism, which resulted in retro(pseudo)genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1213685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T02:04:26Z","timestamp":1690509866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evolution of primate interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs): a story of gain and loss with a differentiation into a canonical cluster and IFITM retrogenes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Schelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hanna-Mari","family":"Baldauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro Jos\u00e9","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32184","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.514356","article-title":"Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 is a type II transmembrane protein","volume":"288","author":"Bailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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