{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T13:15:05Z","timestamp":1774098905668,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), I.P."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0101\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/PRR\/04423\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/PRR\/04423\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/04423\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04423\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101084549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101084549"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Aquaculture plays a vital role in meeting the increasing global food demand driven by population growth. Sustainable development in the sector depends on optimizing fish nutrition and reducing antibiotic use, with bioactive ingredients offering a promising means to enhance animal health and productivity. Applying circular economy principles, specifically valorising underutilized biomasses as functional feed ingredients, provides a synergistic strategy to boost both environmental sustainability and economic efficiency by minimizing waste and input costs. This study investigated waste-derived biomasses from fungi (\n                    <jats:italic>Pleurotus ostreatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), invertebrates (\n                    <jats:italic>Tenebrio molitor<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Eisenia fetida<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), microalgae (\n                    <jats:italic>Phaeodactylum tricornutum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Scenedesmus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) and aquatic plants (\n                    <jats:italic>Lemna minor<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Nasturtium officinale<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) sourced from European freshwater aquaculture systems as novel feed ingredients with functional properties. These were screened for their prebiotic potential, as well as for their antimicrobial, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. Prebiotic effects were assessed by measuring the ability of the biomasses to promote the growth of seven probiotic bacterial strains relevant to fish and human health. All strains except\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC15708 showed enhanced growth in the presence of at least one biomass, with strain-specific responses indicating selective prebiotic effects. Organic and aqueous biomass-derived extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against 13 human and fish pathogens using the disc diffusion assay. Extracts from\n                    <jats:italic>P. ostreatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>T. molitor<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>E. fetida<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>L. minor<\/jats:italic>\n                    inhibited growth of\n                    <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>A. sobria<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>A. salmonicida<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lactococcus garvieae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Listonella anguillarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Tenacibaculum maritimum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with inhibition zones ranging from 9\u201316 mm at 1\u202fmg\u00b7mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    of extract. When tested for their pro- and anti-inflammatory properties in RAW 264.7 cells, several fungal, microalgal, and aquatic plant extracts exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity by reducing nitric oxide production without affecting cell viability. Antioxidant assessments revealed marked differences among biomasses, with aqueous extracts of aquatic plants showing the highest DPPH radical scavenging capacity, microalgal activity varying with solvent polarity, and fungi and invertebrates exhibiting comparatively low antioxidant potential. Our findings highlight the beneficial properties of low-value, circular-economy biomasses, supporting their development as sustainable, cost-effective aquafeed ingredients. Further research is underway to characterize the\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    effects of these ingredients when incorporated into experimental fish diets.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1764214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T06:41:28Z","timestamp":1771569688000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advancing aquafeed: prebiotic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory benefits of innovative ingredients from farming systems"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Gir\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto","place":["Matosinhos, Portugal"]}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto","place":["Matosinhos, Portugal"]},{"name":"ICBAS\u2013School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto","place":["Matosinhos, Portugal"]}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Urbatzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto","place":["Matosinhos, Portugal"]}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto","place":["Matosinhos, Portugal"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]}]},{"given":"R. O. A.","family":"Ozorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto","place":["Matosinhos, Portugal"]}]},{"given":"M. F.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto","place":["Matosinhos, Portugal"]},{"name":"ICBAS\u2013School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.3390\/app15031551","article-title":"Exploring the bioactive potential of mushroom aqueous extracts: antimicrobial, antioxidant, and prebiotic properties","volume":"15","author":"Afonso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. 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