{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:51:45Z","timestamp":1781535105342,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In a brain-computer interface (BCI) system, the testing of decoding algorithms, tasks, and their parameters is critical for optimizing performance. However, conducting human experiments can be costly and time-consuming, especially when investigating broad sets of parameters. Attempts to utilize previously collected data in offline analysis lack a co-adaptive feedback loop between the system and the user present online, limiting the applicability of the conclusions obtained to real-world uses of BCI. As such, a number of studies have attempted to address this cost-wise middle ground between offline and live experimentation with real-time neural activity simulators. We present one such system which generates motor imagery electroencephalography (EEG) <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> forward modeling and novel motor intention encoding models for conducting sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)-based continuous cursor control experiments in a closed-loop setting. We use the proposed simulator with 10 healthy human subjects to test the effect of three decoder and task parameters across 10 different values. Our simulated approach produces similar statistical conclusions to those produced during parallel, paired, online experimentation, but in 55% of the time. Notably, both online and simulated experimentation expressed a positive effect of cursor velocity limit on performance regardless of subject average performance, supporting the idea of relaxing constraints on cursor gain in online continuous cursor control. We demonstrate the merits of our closed-loop motor imagery EEG simulation, and provide an open-source framework to the community for closed-loop SMR-based BCI studies in the future. All code including the simulator have been made available on GitHub.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.951591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T06:18:15Z","timestamp":1660717095000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Closed-loop motor imagery EEG simulation for brain-computer interfaces"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hyonyoung","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Suma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-011-9132-z","article-title":"MEG-SIM: a web portal for testing MEG analysis methods using realistic simulated and empirical data","volume":"10","author":"Aine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1371","article-title":"Targeting recovery: Priorities of the spinal cord-injured population","volume":"21","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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