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Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>European Portuguese (EP) is a language with unpredictable stress. Previous behavioral studies have shown that without vowel reduction EP adult speakers displayed a stress deafness effect akin to that observed in speakers of fixed-stress languages, suggesting that vowel quality may be the primary cue for stress discrimination in EP. However, an event-related potentials (ERPs) study reported that EP adults were able to discriminate stress contrasts pre-attentively in the absence of vowel quality cues. These results seemed to indicate that EP adult speakers may attend to different cues in the attentive and pre-attentive stress perception. Moreover, both the behavioral and ERPs studies have revealed a processing advantage for iambic stress, which could not be predicted by the rhythmic properties of EP, the language-specific weighting of stress correlates, or the frequency distributions of trochaic and iambic stresses in EP. A recent eye-tracking study has found that EP-learning infants at 5\u20136 months already exhibited an iambic preference in the absence of vowel reduction, manifested by longer looking time at the iambic stress. The present study used a passive oddball paradigm to examine pre-attentive stress perception without vowel quality cues by 5-to-7-month-old EP-learning infants. Results from twenty-two participants showed that both the trochaic and iambic conditions yielded a positive discrimination response (p-MMR). In addition, the iambic condition elicited a prominent late discriminative negativity (LDN) as well as a P3a component. Our findings present the first evidence for reciprocal discrimination of stress patterns in EP-learning infants, showing that, as in adult speakers, stress processing might also differ at the pre-attentive and attentive stages in infants. Importantly, the stress perception ability in EP-learning infants seems to develop asymmetrically, with an advantage for the iambic stress pattern. The present study highlighted the role of language-specific factors that may affect developing stress perception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1415854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T13:46:44Z","timestamp":1726840004000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development of language-specific stress discrimination in European Portuguese: an electrophysiological study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Vig\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Frota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2014.12.00","article-title":"On the importance of being bilingual: Word stress processing in a context of segmental variability.","volume":"132","author":"Abboub","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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