{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:46:41Z","timestamp":1774928801127,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consuming foods rich in bioactive compounds can delay chronic non-communicable diseases. Dragon fruit, known for its bioactive compounds with typically low bioavailability\u2014attributed to high polarity, poor permeability, and rapid firstpass metabolism\u2014benefits from strategies like encapsulation to enhance efficacy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study developed and assessed phytosomes loaded with dragon fruit extract (Hylocereus costaricensis) and compared their biological activity <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> against the raw extract. Spectrophotometric analysis of the extract revealed 410.4 mg GAE\/L of total phenolic compounds and 139.3 mg CE\/L of flavonoids. HPLC-DAD-MS\/MS identified key components such as citric acid, succinic acid, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, ferulic acid, betanin, and rutin. Phytosomes encapsulated 46 \u00b1 2% of phenolics, with a mean diameter of 1,329 \u00b1 121.0 nm, PDI 0.633 \u00b1 0.039, and <jats:italic>\u03b6<\/jats:italic>-potential \u221216 \u00b1 1 mV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antioxidant capacities, assessed by the DPPH method, showed that the phytosomal formulation with 46% phenolic content was as effective as the raw extract. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> antihyperglycemic studies showed no significant effect from the raw extract (5 mg GAE\/kg), but phytosomes (2.3 mg GAE\/kg) matched the efficacy of metformin (300 mg\/kg). An acute inflammation model using carrageenan-induced paw edema indicated that phytosomes (2.3 mg GAE\/kg) had superior anti-inflammatory effects compared to the raw extract (5 mg GAE\/kg).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In summary, dragon fruit extract has antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings support that phytosomal encapsulation significantly improves the bioavailability and efficacy of phenolic-rich crude extract, highlighting their potential in functional food development, nutraceutical applications, and as helpers to conventional therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1659572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T05:33:56Z","timestamp":1755149636000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Phytosomal delivery enhances bioactivity of Hylocereus costaricensis phenolic extract"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rosa","family":"Direito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandra Maria","family":"Barbalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Bronze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Eduardo","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-2945-452\/13","article-title":"Vine-cacti pitayas: the new crops of the world","volume":"36","author":"Mizrahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Bras Frutic"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"216","volume-title":"New fruit crops with high water use efficiency","author":"Mizrahi","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13260","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13260","article-title":"Phytoconstituents and pharmaco-therapeutic benefits of pitaya: a wonder fruit","volume":"44","author":"Joshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Food Biochem"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81682-x","article-title":"Distinguishing three dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) species grown in Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India using morphological, biochemical and molecular traits","volume":"11","author":"Abirami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.07.074","article-title":"Beta-carotene, lycopene, and alpha-tocopherol contents of selected Thai fruits","volume":"113","author":"Charoensiri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-8-1","article-title":"Chemical composition and in vitroevaluation of the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of pitaya (dragon fruit) peel","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem Cent J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proche.2015.12.076","article-title":"Stability study of betacyanin extract from red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peels","volume":"16","author":"Priatni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. 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