{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T23:33:13Z","timestamp":1769211193580,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The circadian system regulates several physiological processes, including energy metabolism, through the expression of core clock genes. Animal studies suggest that dietary composition can influence circadian gene expression; however, evidence in humans remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to explore the association between dietary macronutrient intake and the expression of circadian clock genes in the whole blood of adults with distinct metabolic profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nineteen adults (94.7% female; 43.4\u202f\u00b1\u202f16.05\u202fyears) were categorized into healthy-weight and overweight\/obesity groups based on BMI. Dietary intake was assessed using a 3-day food diary, and clock gene expression (\n                      <jats:italic>CLOCK<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>BMAL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>PER2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CRY<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) was evaluated in whole blood samples collected between 08:00\u202fa.m. and 04:00\u202fp.m. Statistical analyses included group comparisons and correlation analyses between macronutrient intake and gene expression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No statistically significant differences were observed in the clock gene expression between BMI groups, although group-level trends were noted, particularly in\n                      <jats:italic>PER2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>CRY<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression. The overweight\/obesity group exhibited a significantly higher percentage of energy intake from protein. Correlation analyses revealed several time-dependent associations between macronutrient intake and clock gene expression. Notably, in the healthy BMI group,\n                      <jats:italic>BMAL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>CRY<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression correlated with lipid and protein intake, while in the overweight\/obesity group,\n                      <jats:italic>CLOCK<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression was strongly associated with both lipid and carbohydrate intake.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that macronutrient composition may influence peripheral circadian gene expression in a time- and BMI-dependent manner. Further research is necessary to confirm these associations in larger and more diverse populations and to investigate the potential for chrononutrition strategies to support metabolic health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1663559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T04:18:20Z","timestamp":1759897100000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between dietary intake and the expression of clock genes in adults: a brief report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marlene","family":"Lages","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ciTechCare \u2013 Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic University of Leiria","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]},{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]},{"name":"EPIUnit \u2013 Institute of Public Health, University of Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]},{"name":"Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo","place":["Coimbra, Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]},{"name":"EPIUnit \u2013 Institute of Public Health, University of Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Ferreira-Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC-UC \u2013 Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra","place":["Coimbra, Portugal"]},{"name":"CIBB \u2013 Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra","place":["Coimbra, Portugal"]},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra","place":["Coimbra, Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo","place":["Coimbra, Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Caseiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo","place":["Coimbra, Portugal"]},{"name":"H&TRC- Health and Technology Research Center, Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic University of Coimbra","place":["Rua 5 de Outubro, Coimbra, Portugal"]},{"name":"University of Coimbra, CIPER","place":["Coimbra, Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Maria P.","family":"Guarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ciTechCare \u2013 Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic University of Leiria","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]},{"name":"ESSLei, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic University of Leiria","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Carmo-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ciTechCare \u2013 Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic University of Leiria","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]},{"name":"Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo","place":["Coimbra, Portugal"]},{"name":"H&TRC- Health and Technology Research Center, Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic University of Coimbra","place":["Rua 5 de Outubro, Coimbra, Portugal"]}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0026-z","article-title":"Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus","volume":"19","author":"Hastings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.015","article-title":"Time for food: the intimate interplay between nutrition, metabolism, and the circadian clock","volume":"161","author":"Asher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4965","article-title":"Circadian time signatures of fitness and 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