{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T15:25:13Z","timestamp":1771341913189,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Light intensity and spectral composition highly affect plant physiology, growth, and development. According to growing conditions, each species and\/or cultivar has an optimum light intensity to drive photosynthesis, and different light spectra trigger photosynthetic responses and regulate plant development differently. For the maintenance of natural sports pitches, namely professional football competitions, turf quality is a key condition. Due to the architecture of most football stadiums, the lawns receive low intensities of natural light, so supplementary artificial lighting above the turf is required. The use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can have a higher cost\u2013benefit ratio than traditional high-pressure sodium lamps. The continuous emission spectrum, combined with high spectral selectivity and adjustable optical power, can be used to optimize plant growth and development. Thus, perennial ryegrass (<jats:italic>Lolium perenne<\/jats:italic> L.) plants, commonly used for lawns, were primarily grown at three different intensities (200, 300, and 400 \u03bcmol m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) of cool white light. Despite the higher water and energy consumption, 400 \u03bcmol m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> maximizes the plant\u2019s efficiency, with higher photosynthetic rates and foliar pigment concentration, and more foliar soluble sugars and aboveground biomass accumulation. Then, it was evaluated the perennial ryegrass (Double and Capri cultivars) response to different spectral compositions [100% cool white (W), 80% Red:20% Blue (R80:B20), 90% Red:10% Blue (R90:B10), and 65% Red:15% Green:20% Blue (R65:G15:B20)] at 400 \u03bcmol m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Both cultivars exhibited similar responses to light treatments. In general, W contributed to the better photosynthetic performance and R90:B10 to the worst one. Water consumption and aboveground biomass were equal in all light treatments. R80:B20 allows energy savings of 24.3% in relation to the W treatment, showing a good compromise between physiological performance and energy consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1160100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T05:31:05Z","timestamp":1680586265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Different LED light intensity and quality change perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) physiological and growth responses and water and energy consumption"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Brito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lia-T\u00e2nia","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carlos Manuel","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Moutinho-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02109","article-title":"The growth and development of cress (Lepidium sativum) affected by blue and red light","volume":"5","author":"Ajdanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.24.1.1","article-title":"Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris","volume":"24","author":"Arnon","year":"1949","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.15835\/nbha4028221","article-title":"Preliminary investigation of LED lighting as growth light for seedlings from different tree species in growth chambers","volume":"40","author":"Astolfi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"247","article-title":"Fotos\u00edntesis, factores ambientales y cambio clim\u00e1tico","volume-title":"Fundamentos de fisiolog\u00eda vegetal (2","author":"Azc\u00f3n-Bieto","year":"2013"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-8706-5_6","article-title":"Effect of light quality and quantity on leaf growth in lolium perenne l","volume-title":"Sustainable use of genetic diversity in forage and turf breeding","author":"Barre","year":"2010"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8757","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c03851","article-title":"Blue: Red LED light proportion affects vegetative parameters, pigment content, and oxidative status of einkorn (Triticum monococcum l. ssp. monococcum) wheatgrass","volume":"68","author":"Bartucca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1071\/FP09262","article-title":"Do changes in light direction affect absorption profiles in leaves","volume":"37","author":"Brodersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s13580-019-00191-z","article-title":"Artificial light impacts the physical and nutritional quality of lettuce plants","volume":"61","author":"Camejo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm130","article-title":"Green light: A signal to slow down or stop","volume":"58","author":"Folta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2010.10.007","article-title":"Photosynthesis of Lolium perenne l. at low temperatures under low irradiances","volume":"70","author":"H\u00f6glind","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.17.00166","article-title":"Blue light regulation of stomatal opening and the plasma membrane h+-ATPase","volume":"174","author":"Inoue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1992.tb08764.x","article-title":"Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants","volume":"84","author":"Irigoyen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.39.7.1617","article-title":"Green-light supplementation for enhanced lettuce growth under red- and blue-light-emitting diodes","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mch192","article-title":"Stomatal conductance of lettuce grown under or exposed to different light qualities","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-020-02523-z","article-title":"Effects of red and blue light on leaf anatomy, CO2 assimilation and the photosynthetic electron transport capacity of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum l.) seedlings","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"350","article-title":"Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Pigments of Photosynthetic Biomembranes","volume-title":"Methods Enzym","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1987"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.619987","article-title":"Photosynthetic physiology of blue, green, and red light: Light intensity effects and underlying mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pch203","article-title":"Photosynthetic characteristics of rice leaves grown under red light with or without supplemental blue light","volume":"45","author":"Matsuda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-1571(71)90022-7","article-title":"The action spectrum, absorptance and quantum yield of photosynthesis in crop plants","volume":"9","author":"McCree","year":"1971","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081994","article-title":"Blue light improves photosynthetic performance and biomass partitioning toward harvestable organs in saffron (Crocus sativus l.)","volume":"10","author":"Moradi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.23986\/afsci.7897","article-title":"The effects of light-emitting diode lighting on greenhouse plant growth and quality","volume":"22","author":"Olle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"Oregon State University, College of Agricultural sciences, Department of HorticulturePerennial ryegrass lolium perenne l2022"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.50.8.1128","article-title":"Spectral effects of artificial light on plant physiology and secondary metabolism: A review","volume":"50","author":"Ouzounis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01460.x","article-title":"In the light of stomatal opening: New insights into \u2018the watergate\u2019","volume":"167","author":"Roelfsema","year":"2005","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9890549","article-title":"Comparisons of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne l.) accessions grown as turfs (lawns)","volume":"40","author":"Rogers","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2011.02.012","article-title":"Spectroscopic parameters of phycoerythrobilin and phycourobilin on phycoerythrin from Gracilaria chilensis","volume":"219","author":"Sep\u00falveda-Ugarte","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A. Chem."},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"Plant photosynthetic production: Manual of methods","author":"Sest\u00e1k","year":"1971"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(20)63227-0","article-title":"Crop photosynthetic response to light quality and light intensity","volume":"20","author":"Shafiq","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105434","article-title":"Light regulation of stomatal movement","volume":"58","author":"Shimazaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.04.117","article-title":"LEDs For energy efficient greenhouse lighting. renewable and sustainable energy reviews","volume":"49","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163121","article-title":"Sensitivity of seven diverse species to blue and green light: Interactions with photon flux","volume":"11","author":"Snowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B32","article-title":"Plant Physiology","author":"Taiz","year":"2006"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcp034","article-title":"Green light drives leaf photosynthesis more efficiently than red light in strong white light: Revisiting the enigmatic question of why leaves are green","volume":"50","author":"Terashima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2012.01698.x","article-title":"A high proportion of blue light increases the photosynthesis capacity and leaf formation rate of Rosa \u00d7 hybrida but does not affect time to flower opening","volume":"148","author":"Terfa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Plantarum"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2494.1999.00179.x","article-title":"Photosynthetic characteristics of perennial ryegrass and red fescue turf-grass cultivars","volume":"54","author":"Van Huylenbroeck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Grass Forage Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00384257","article-title":"Some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves","volume":"153","author":"von Caemmerer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119501800.ch4","article-title":"Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis","author":"Wimalasekera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photosynthesis, Productivity and Environmental Stress"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2023.1160100\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T05:31:14Z","timestamp":1680586274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2023.1160100\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2023.1160100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2023.1160100","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"article-number":"1160100"}}