{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T15:59:14Z","timestamp":1774627154598,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Plant Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Climate change is intensifying heat and drought stress in viticulture, negatively impacting yield and grape quality. High temperatures accelerate sugar accumulation and reduce organic acids, disrupting wine balance. Drought also lowers grapevine resilience by reducing stomatal conductance and photosynthetic efficiency, highlighting the need for sustainable strategies. This study evaluated the effects of foliar applications of kaolin (Kl) and silicon (Si) mixtures on grapevine physiology and fruit quality under summer stress. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The experiment was conducted over two seasons (2023\u20132024) in a commercial vineyard (Quinta de Ventozelo, Douro Region) using the Touriga Franca variety. Treatments included a control and four formulations (MiKS 1 to 4), all with 2% Kl and Si ranging from 2% to 8%. Physiological measurements included gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and leaf water potential. Biochemical analyses assessed pigments, sugars, proteins, phenols, flavonoids, <jats:italic>ortho<\/jats:italic>-diphenols, and leaf anatomy. Hormonal profiling (abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA)) was also performed. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Si and Kl treatments, particularly MiKS 3 and MiKS 4, significantly enhanced gas exchange parameters, water potential, and chlorophyll fluorescence under high-stress conditions. These treatments also increased chlorophyll, carotenoids, cuticular waxes, and cuticle thickness, contributing to improved plant vitality and stress resilience. Secondary metabolites such as <jats:italic>ortho<\/jats:italic>-diphenols were also enhanced. Hormonal profiling showed increased ABA and JA and decreased IAA and SA, suggesting strengthened stress signalling and defence responses. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, Si and Kl mixtures effectively mitigated summer stress, improving grapevine physiological, biochemical, and anatomical responses under challenging climate conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1639169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T09:26:43Z","timestamp":1754472403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Modulating grapevine performance and hormonal dynamics under summer stress by the synergistic effects of kaolin and silicon"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Baltazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel Jo\u00e3o","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"P\u00e1dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Z\u00e9lia","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dami\u00e1n","family":"Balfag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Moutinho-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lia-T\u00e2nia","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssas.2017.08.001","article-title":"Impacts of kaolin and pinoline foliar application on growth, yield and water use efficiency of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown under water deficit: a comparative study","volume":"18","author":"AbdAllah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Saudi Soc Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/00103624.2013.863907","article-title":"Amelioration of drought in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) by silicon","volume":"45","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010023","article-title":"On the potentiality of UAV multispectral imagery to detect flavescence dor\u00e9e and grapevine trunk diseases","volume":"11","author":"Albetis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"952","article-title":"Si-induced stress tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) hydroponically grown under water deficit conditions","volume":"19","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"187","article-title":"Silicon induced improvement in morpho-physiological traits of maize (Zea mays L.) under water deficit","volume":"51","author":"Amin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.5897\/AJAR10.027","article-title":"Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress","volume":"6","author":"Anjum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.24.1.1","article-title":"Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts: polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris","volume":"24","author":"Arnon","year":"1949","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-013-0021-6","article-title":"Photosynthesis under stressful environments: an overview","volume":"51","author":"Ashraf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photosynthetica."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20236801024","article-title":"Kaolin foliar-application improves the photosynthetic performance and fruit quality of Verdejo grapevines","volume":"68","author":"Azuara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bio Web Conferences."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2021.55.1.4502","article-title":"Optimising grapevine summer stress responses and hormonal balance by applying kaolin in two Portuguese Demarcated Regions","volume":"55","author":"Bernardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11413","article-title":"Uncovering the effects of kaolin on balancing berry phytohormones and quality attributes of Vitis vinifera grown in warm-temperate climate regions","volume":"102","author":"Bernardo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00118295","article-title":"Energy-dependent quenching of dark-level chlorophyll fluorescence in intact leaves","volume":"10","author":"Bilger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2014.07.014","article-title":"Particle film technology: a supplemental tool to save water","volume":"147","author":"Boari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manage."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2018.10.028","article-title":"Kaolin particle film modulates morphological, physiological and biochemical olive tree responses to cyclic water deficit","volume":"133","author":"Brito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.10.059","article-title":"Kaolin and salicylic acid alleviate summer stress in rainfed olive orchards by modulation of distinct physiological and biochemical responses","volume":"246","author":"Brito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"943","article-title":"Optical properties of grapevine leaves: reflectance, transmittance, absorptance and chlorophyll concentration","volume":"45","author":"Cabello-Pasini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agrocienc."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-022-02236-y","article-title":"Silicon fertilization enhances photosynthetic activity and sugar metabolism in sugarcane cultivars under water deficit at the ripening phase","volume":"15","author":"Camargo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Silicon."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12445","article-title":"Heat stress in grapevine: the pros and cons of acclimation","volume":"38","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12040491","article-title":"Effects of kaolin and shading net on the ecophysiology and berry composition of Sauvignon Blanc grapevines","volume":"12","author":"Cataldo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agriculture."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcn125","article-title":"Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell","volume":"103","author":"Chaves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2018.02.004","article-title":"Kaolin particle film application stimulates photoassimilate synthesis and modifies the primary metabolome of grape leaves","volume":"223","author":"Conde","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01150","article-title":"Kaolin foliar application has a stimulatory effect on phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways in grape berries","volume":"7","author":"Conde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.12110","article-title":"Water stress and recovery in the performance of two Eucalyptus globulus clones: physiological and biochemical profiles","volume":"150","author":"Correia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15343","article-title":"The controversies of silicon\u2019s role in plant biology","volume":"221","author":"Coskun","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/ajgw.12044","article-title":"Carbohydrate reserve status of Malbec grapevines after several years of regulated deficit irrigation and crop load regulation","volume":"19","author":"Dayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/ajgw.12180","article-title":"Leaf carbohydrate metabolism in Malbec grapevines: combined effects of regulated deficit irrigation and crop load","volume":"22","author":"Dayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpj.2018.09.004","article-title":"Effect of silicon on growth and development of strawberry under water deficit conditions","volume":"4","author":"Dehghanipoodeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hortic. Plant J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2012.01.012","article-title":"Comparative effects of exogenous glycine betaine, kaolin clay particles and Ambiol on photosynthesis, leaf sclerophylly indexes and heat load of olive cv. Chondrolia Chalkidikis under drought","volume":"137","author":"Denaxa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.11674\/zwyf.2007.0319","article-title":"Effects of silicon on plant growth, photosynthetic parameters and soluble sugar content in leaves of wheat under drought stress","volume":"13","author":"Ding","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Fertil."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2017.11.007","article-title":"Kaolin modulates ABA and IAA dynamics and physiology of grapevine under Mediterranean summer stress","volume":"220","author":"Dinis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10091422","article-title":"Overview of Kaolin outcomes from vine to wine: cerceal white variety case study","volume":"10","author":"Dinis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agronomy."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-015-0156-8","article-title":"Kaolin-based, foliar reflective film protects photosystem II structure and function in grapevine leaves exposed to heat and high solar radiation","volume":"54","author":"Dinis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photosynthetica."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-017-0714-3","article-title":"Improvement of grapevine physiology and yield under summer stress by kaolin-foliar application: Water relations, photosynthesis and oxidative damage","volume":"56","author":"Dinis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photosynthetica."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae10111224","article-title":"Foliar silicon application in the era of climate change as a part of strategy to mitigate summer stress in Mediterranean viticulture: A comparative study in Touriga Franca grapevine","volume":"10","author":"Dinis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Horticulturae."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8437","DOI":"10.1021\/jf050884b","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of multiple phytohormones in plant extracts by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"53","author":"Durgbanshi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.2011.00125.x","article-title":"Grapevine canopy response to a high-temperature event during deficit irrigation","volume":"17","author":"Edwards","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.1.11","article-title":"The anomaly of silicon in plant biology","volume":"91","author":"Epstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. United States America."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.09.063","article-title":"Silicon (Si): Review and future prospects on the action mechanisms in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants","volume":"147","author":"Etesami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109863","article-title":"Effects of Si in nutrient solution on leaf cuticles","volume":"278","author":"Ferr\u00f3n-Carrillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1071\/PP01119","article-title":"Effects of drought on photosynthesis in grapevines under field conditions: an evaluation of stomatal and mesophyll limitations","volume":"29","author":"Flexas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144950","article-title":"Kaolin reduces ABA biosynthesis through the inhibition of neoxanthin synthesis in grapevines under water deficit","volume":"21","author":"Frioni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/ajgw.12398","article-title":"Interactive effects of high temperature and water deficit on Malbec grapevines","volume":"25","author":"Galat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(89)80016-9","article-title":"The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"990","author":"Genty","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta \u2013 Gen. Subjects."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/ajgw.12398","article-title":"Interactive effects of high temperature and water deficit on Malbec grapevines","volume":"25","author":"Giorgi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.45.8.1178","article-title":"Impact of kaolin particle film and water deficit on wine grape water use efficiency and plant water relations","volume":"45","author":"Glenn","year":"2010","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-012-0954-6","article-title":"The regulatory role of silicon on water relations, photosynthetic gas exchange, and carboxylation activities of wheat leaves in field drought conditions","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1081\/PLN-120020075","article-title":"Effects of silicon on growth of wheat under drought","volume":"26","author":"Gong","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12722","article-title":"Characterization of conventional, biodynamic, and organic purple grape juices by chemical markers, antioxidant capacity, and instrumental taste profile","volume":"80","author":"Granato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1080\/00103620802134719","article-title":"Influence of silicon on sunflower cultivars under drought stress, II: Essential and nonessential element uptake determined by polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence","volume":"39","author":"Gunes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109946","article-title":"Current viticultural techniques to mitigate the effects of global warming on grape and wine quality: A comprehensive review","volume":"139","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Gamboa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2006.10.004","article-title":"Short-term stomatal responses to light intensity changes and osmotic stress in sorghum seedlings raised with and without silicon","volume":"60","author":"Hattori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2017.05.021","article-title":"Regulation and physiological role of silicon in alleviating drought stress of mango","volume":"118","author":"Helaly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01359","article-title":"Induction of barley silicon transporter HvLsi1 and HvLsi2, increased silicon concentration in the shoot and regulated stress response","volume":"8","author":"Hosseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4238(98)00113-7","article-title":"Water stress and rootstock influence on leaf gas exchange of grafted and ungrafted grapevines","volume":"75","author":"Iacono","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-1571(81)90032-7","article-title":"Normalizing the stress-degree-day parameter for environmental variability","volume":"24","author":"Idso","year":"1981","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"B57","unstructured":"Boletim climatol\u00f3gico anual 2023\n          \n          \n          Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s12355-016-0469-3","article-title":"Changes in growth, yield, juice quality and biochemical attributes of sugarcane in response to orthosilicic acid granules","volume":"19","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sugar Tech."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-017-1216-y","article-title":"Exogenous short-term silicon application regulates macro-nutrients, endogenous phytohormones, and protein expression in Oryza sativa L","volume":"18","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2015.06.004","article-title":"Salicylic acid application modulates physiological and hormonal changes in Eucalyptus globulus under water deficit","volume":"118","author":"Jesus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.967537","article-title":"Transcriptomic and metabolomic reveals silicon enhances adaptation of rice under dry cultivation by improving flavonoid biosynthesis, osmoregulation, and photosynthesis","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.128.1.0107","article-title":"Kaolin particle film applications can increase photosynthesis and water use efficiency of 'Ruby Red' grapefruit leaves","volume":"128","author":"Jifon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Amer. Soc Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2018.11.013","article-title":"Anthocyanin accumulation and biosynthesis are modulated by regulated deficit irrigation in Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes and wines","volume":"135","author":"Ju","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2015.05.003","article-title":"Transgenic poplar expressing Arabidopsis YUCCA6 exhibits auxin-overproduction phenotypes and increased tolerance to abiotic stress","volume":"94","author":"Ke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B65","volume-title":"The Science of Grapevines","author":"Keller","year":"2020"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2016.16032","article-title":"Deficit irrigation alters grapevine growth, physiology, and fruit microclimate","volume":"67","author":"Keller","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJEV."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2016.1233322","article-title":"Silicon: a beneficial nutrient for maize crop to enhance photochemical efficiency of photosystem II under salt stress","volume":"63","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Agron. Soil Sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10341-017-0337-7","article-title":"Leaf removal treatments combined with kaolin particle film technique from different directions of grapevine\u2019s canopy affect the composition of phytochemicals of cv. Muscat Hamburg (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"60","author":"Kok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Erwerbs-Obstbau"},{"key":"B69","first-page":"385","article-title":"Growth and nitrogen fixation in silicon and\/or potassium-fed chickpeas grown under drought and well-watered conditions","volume":"9","author":"Kurdali","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Stress Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants7020045","article-title":"The effects of foliar sprays with different silicon compounds","volume":"7","author":"Laane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plants."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2019.03.026","article-title":"Re-evaluating pressure chamber methods of water status determination in field-grown grapevine (Vitis spp.)","volume":"221","author":"Levin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manage."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2007.09.001","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive anthrone\u2013sulfuric acid assay in microplate format to quantify carbohydrate in biopharmaceutical products: method development and validation","volume":"36","author":"Leyva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biologicals."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.878076","article-title":"Action of salicylic acid on plant growth","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.04.058","article-title":"Effects of exogenous IAA in regulating photosynthetic capacity, carbohydrate metabolism and yield of Zizania latifolia","volume":"253","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(87)48036-1","article-title":"Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes","volume":"148","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2021.109962","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity on berry, skin, pulp and seed from seven red Mediterranean grapevine varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) treated with kaolin foliar sunscreen","volume":"281","author":"Luzio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2004.10408520","article-title":"Effects of silicon application on drought resistance of cucumber plants","volume":"50","author":"Ma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Plant Nutri."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.04.007","article-title":"A cooperative system of silicon transport in plants","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B79","volume-title":"Tratado de Viticultura \u2013 A Videira, A Vinha e o Terroir","author":"Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2015"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3906\/bot-1407-11","article-title":"Influence of foliar application of silicon on chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, and growth in water-stressed wheat cultivars differing in drought tolerance","volume":"39","author":"Maghsoudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk J. Bot."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.08.041","article-title":"Impact of elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization on foliar elemental composition in a short rotation poplar plantation","volume":"147","author":"Marinari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. pollut."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1071\/FP02110","article-title":"A ten-year study on the physiology of two Spanish grapevine cultivars under field conditions: effects of water availability from leaf photosynthesis to grape yield and quality","volume":"30","author":"Medrano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-037X.2011.00486.x","article-title":"Silicon alleviates PEG-induced water-deficit stress in upland rice seedlings by enhancing osmotic adjustment","volume":"198","author":"Ming","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agron. Crop Sci."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.819658","article-title":"Multidimensional role of silicon to activate resilient plant growth and to mitigate abiotic stress","volume":"13","author":"Mir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PHOT.0000040573.09614.1d","article-title":"Leaf gas exchange and water relations of grapevines grown in three different conditions","volume":"42","author":"Moutinho-Pereira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photosynthetica."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11081153","article-title":"Two Auxinic Herbicides Affect Brassica napus Plant Hormone Levels and Induce Molecular Changes in Transcription","volume":"11","author":"Muller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1367795","article-title":"How much heat does non-photochemical quenching produce","volume":"15","author":"Murakami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B88","first-page":"17","article-title":"Leaf and fruit responses to kaolin particle film applied onto mature olive trees","volume":"5","author":"Nanos","year":"2015","journal-title":"JBAH."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1828772\/v1","article-title":"Silicon application to soil increases the yield and quality of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in a semiarid climate of Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Nascimento","year":"2022","journal-title":"Silicon."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5073\/vitis.2001.40.141-145","article-title":"Influence of water deficits on grape berry growth","volume":"40","author":"Ojeda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vitis \u2013 J. Grapevine Res."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11131556","article-title":"Multi-Spectral Lidar: Radiometric calibration, canopy spectral reflectance, and vegetation vertical SVI profiles","volume":"11","author":"Okhrimenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5039\/agraria.v15i4a8755","article-title":"Biomass and concentration of nutrients and silicon in sugarcane grown on soil fertilized with diatomite","volume":"15","author":"Oliva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14164019","article-title":"The efficiency of foliar kaolin spray assessed through UAV-based thermal infrared imagery","volume":"14","author":"P\u00e1dua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13243514","article-title":"Foliar nutrition strategies for enhancing phenolic and amino acid content in olive leaves","volume":"13","author":"Paskovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/35021067","article-title":"Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells","volume":"406","author":"Pei","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jac.12762","article-title":"Silicon, an emergent strategy to lighten the effects of (a)biotic stresses on crops: a review","volume":"210","author":"Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agron. Crop Sci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2012.10.0580","article-title":"Effects of soil and foliar application of soluble silicon on mineral nutrition, gas exchange, and growth of potato plants","volume":"53","author":"Pilon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2024.103666","article-title":"Biochemical changes due to photothermal acclimation of Oedogonium and associated implications for photosynthetic growth and biomass utilisation","volume":"82","author":"Pitawala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.50.10.1447","article-title":"Effects of silicon in the nutrient solution for three horticultural plant families on the vegetative growth, cuticle, and protection against Botrytis cin\u00e9rea","volume":"50","author":"Pozo","year":"2015","journal-title":"HortSci."},{"key":"B100","volume-title":"Deficit irrigation of quality winegrapes using micro-irrigation techniques","author":"Prichard","year":"2004"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-016-2087-9","article-title":"The influence of silicon application on growth and photosynthesis response of salt-stressed grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"38","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.11.004","article-title":"Does silicon really matter for the photosynthetic machinery in plants","volume":"169","author":"Rastogi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.961872","article-title":"Plant hormones and neurotransmitter interactions mediate antioxidant defenses under induced oxidative stress in plants","volume":"13","author":"Raza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err031","article-title":"Salicylic acid beyond defence: its role in plant growth and development","volume":"62","author":"Rivas-San","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15416","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5305-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of drought and salt stress in plants: a review","volume":"22","author":"Rizwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. pollut. Res."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-013-0338-z","article-title":"Heat and water stress induce unique transcriptional signatures of heat-shock proteins and transcription factors in grapevine","volume":"14","author":"Rocheta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genomics"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15040869","article-title":"Exploring Opuntia ficus-indica as a strategy to mitigate high temperatures effects in vineyards: Insights into physiological and proteomic responses","volume":"15","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.08.061","article-title":"Unravelling the antioxidant potential and the phenolic composition of different anatomical organs of the marine halophyte Limonium algarvense","volume":"77","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2005.05.010","article-title":"Silicon alleviates the deleterious salt effect on tomato plant growth by improving plant water status","volume":"163","author":"Romero-Aranda","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcl252","article-title":"Effects of kaolin application on light absorption and distribution, radiation use efficiency and photosynthesis of almond and walnut canopies","volume":"99","author":"Rosati","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.06.005","article-title":"Elevated temperature altered the reaction norms of stomatal conductance in field-grown grapevine","volume":"165","author":"Sadras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2009.09.004","article-title":"Shiraz vines maintain yield in response to a 2\u20134 \u00b0C increase in maximum temperature using an open-top heating system at key phenostages","volume":"31","author":"Sadras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.17221\/40\/2020-PSE","article-title":"Effects of silicon amendments on grapevine, soil and wine","volume":"66","author":"Schabl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Soil Environ."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.148.3668.339","article-title":"Sap pressure in vascular plants: negative hydrostatic pressure can be measured in plants","volume":"148","author":"Scholander","year":"1965","journal-title":"Sci."},{"key":"B115","first-page":"1585","article-title":"Effect of kaolin application on growth, water use efficiency, and leaf epidermis characteristics of Physalis Peruviana L. seedlings under two irrigation regimes","volume":"17","author":"Segura-Monroy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2015.08.009","article-title":"Particle films and their applications in horticultural crops","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2012.12115","article-title":"Kaolin-based foliar reflectant and water deficit influence Malbec leaf and berry temperature, pigments, and photosynthesis","volume":"63","author":"Shellie","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJEV."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1071\/FP09101","article-title":"Irrigated Shiraz vines (Vitis vinifera) upregulate gas exchange and maintain berry growth in response to short spells of high maximum temperature in the field","volume":"36","author":"Soar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.624867","article-title":"Adapting wine grape ripening to global change requires a multi-trait approach","volume":"12","author":"Suter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9224","article-title":"Silicon induces hormetic dose-response effects on growth and concentrations of chlorophylls, amino acids and sugars in pepper plants during the early developmental stage","volume":"8","author":"Trejo-T\u00e9llez","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2016.06.026","article-title":"Silicon nanoparticles more effectively alleviated UV-B stress than silicon in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings","volume":"110","author":"Tripathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.05.017","article-title":"Physiological indicators to assess water status in potted grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"255","author":"Tuccio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9121754","article-title":"Grapevine responses to heat stress and global warming","volume":"9","author":"Venios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00384257","article-title":"Some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves","volume":"153","author":"Von Caemmerer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Planta."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.796545","article-title":"Kaolin particle film protects Grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon against downy mildew by forming a particle film at the leaf surface, directly acting on sporangia and inducing the defense of the plant","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13520","article-title":"The mechanisms of silicon on maintaining water balance under water deficit stress","volume":"173","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cj.2016.01.010","article-title":"Phytohormones and their metabolic engineering for abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants","volume":"4","author":"Wani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crop J."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126170","article-title":"Transcriptomics integrated with metabolomics reveals the effect of regulated deficit irrigation on anthocyanin biosynthesis in Cabernet Sauvignon grape berries","volume":"314","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2005.08.018","article-title":"Role of ABA in integrating plant responses to drought and salt stresses","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-042809-112308","article-title":"Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128931","article-title":"A stomatal optimization model adopting a conservative strategy in response to soil moisture stress","volume":"617","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-008-0034-3","article-title":"Effects of silicon on photosynthesis, water relations and nutrient uptake of Phaseolus vulgaris under NaCl stress","volume":"52","author":"Zuccarini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Plant"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Plant Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1639169\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T09:26:48Z","timestamp":1754472408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1639169\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":132,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpls.2025.1639169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1639169","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-462X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-462X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"article-number":"1639169"}}