{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:23:58Z","timestamp":1753892638619,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Two years after Portugal won the UEFA European Championship, we examined what the Portuguese remember of this momentous occasion. We investigated if flashbulb memories (FBMs) and event memories (EMs) were determined by distinct factors, and whether EM was a predictor of FBM. Participants responded to an online questionnaire about their FBM, EM and set of predictors. Structural equation modeling revealed that FBM and EM were associated with different pathways. Interest in football predicted importance which triggered emotional intensity which predicted personal rehearsal, a direct determinant of FBMs. On the other pathway, interest determined knowledge about football, the main predictor of EMs. Importantly, EM was a causal determinant of FBM which shows that the memory trace for the original event enhances memory for the reception context. The findings suggests that even though the two types of memories are determined by independent factors, they interact very closely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1116747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T05:43:51Z","timestamp":1676958231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Memory footprint: Predictors of flashbulb and event memories of the 2016 Euro Cup final"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andreia","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Magda S.","family":"Roberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Item parceling issues in structural equation modeling","volume-title":"New developments and techniques in structural equation modeling","author":"Bandalos","year":"2001"},{"volume-title":"Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology","year":"1932","author":"Bartlett","key":"ref2"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative fit indexes in structural models","volume":"107","author":"Bentler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.134.2.242","article-title":"Personal memories for remote historical events: accuracy and clarity of flashbulb memories related to world war II","volume":"134","author":"Berntsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(88)90036-4","article-title":"Flashbulb memories for the space shuttle disaster: A tale of two theories","volume":"29","author":"Bohannon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511664069.005","article-title":"Flashbulb memories: confidence, consistency, and quantity","volume-title":"Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of \u201cflashbulb\u201d memories. Vol.","author":"Bohannon","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193295","article-title":"Pleasantness bias in flashbulb memories: positive and negative flashbulb memories of the fall of the Berlin Wall among east and west Germans","volume":"35","author":"Bohn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(77)90018-X","article-title":"Flashbulb memories","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124192021002005","article-title":"Alternative ways of assessing model fit","volume":"21","author":"Browne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sociol. Methods Res."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202615","article-title":"Flashbulb memories: special, but not so special","volume":"17","author":"Christianson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02343.x","article-title":"Forgetting the unforgettable through conversation: socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting of September 11 memories","volume":"20","author":"Coman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2021.2013503","article-title":"How suspense and surprise enhance subsequent memory: the case of the 2016 United States Presidential Election","volume":"30","author":"Congleton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200860","article-title":"The formation of flashbulb memories","volume":"22","author":"Conway","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"11","article-title":"Measurement issues in the study of flashbulb memory","volume-title":"Flashbulb memories: New challenges and future perspectives","author":"Curci","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210500340816","article-title":"Follow-up of a cross-national comparison on flashbulb and event memory for the September 11th attacks","volume":"14","author":"Curci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1444","article-title":"Flashbulb memories for expected events: A test of the emotional-integrative model","volume":"23","author":"Curci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210042000120","article-title":"Flashbulb memories in social groups: A comparative test\u2013retest study of the memory of French president Mitterrand's death in a French and a Belgian group","volume":"9","author":"Curci","year":"2001","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210143000227","article-title":"Is flashbulb memory a special instance of source memory? Evidence from older adults","volume":"10","author":"Davidson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2013.778290","article-title":"Predicting confidence in flashbulb memories","volume":"22","author":"Day","year":"2014","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2014.907428","article-title":"Michael Jackson, bin Laden and I: functions of positive and negative, public and private flashbulb memories","volume":"23","author":"Demiray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.870","article-title":"A new flashbulb memory model applied to the Marmara earthquake","volume":"17","author":"Er","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03201160","article-title":"Flashbulb memories and the underlying mechanism of their formation: toward an emotional-integrative model","volume":"26","author":"Finkenauer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"article-title":"IRR: Various coefficients of interrater reliability and agreement. R package version, 0.84.1","year":"2019","author":"Gamer","key":"ref22"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12364","article-title":"Flashbulb memories of the Paris attacks","volume":"58","author":"Gandolphe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721415622487","article-title":"Flashbulb memories","volume":"25","author":"Hirst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015527","article-title":"Long-term memory for the terrorist attack of September 11: flashbulb memories, event memories, and the factors that influence their retention","volume":"138","author":"Hirst","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000055","article-title":"A ten-year follow-up of a study of memory for the attack of September 11, 2001: 59 flashbulb memories and memories for flashbulb events","volume":"144","author":"Hirst","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210244000063","article-title":"Long-term flashbulb memory for learning of Princess Diana\u2019s death","volume":"11","author":"Hornstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.424","article-title":"Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: sensitivity to under parameterized model misspecification","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"volume-title":"LISREL 7. A guide to the program and applications","year":"1988","author":"J\u00f6reskog","key":"ref29"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21066","article-title":"Contribution of prior semantic knowledge to new episodic learning in amnesia","volume":"21","author":"Kan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193993","article-title":"When the red sox shocked the Yankees: comparing negative and positive memories","volume":"13","author":"Kensinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.2913","article-title":"Canonical categories in flashbulb memories","volume":"27","author":"K\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6z","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","year":"2011","author":"Kline","key":"ref33"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1177\/1750698014530620","article-title":"Remembering the 2006 football world cup in Germany: epistemic and social consequences of perceived memory sharedness","volume":"7","author":"Kopietz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mem. Stud."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2012.756040","article-title":"Remembering president Barack Obama's inauguration and the landing of US Airways flight 1549: A comparison of the predictors of autobiographical and event memory","volume":"21","author":"Koppel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2013.798121","article-title":"Why so negative? Positive flashbulb memories for a personal event","volume":"22","author":"Kraha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3039","article-title":"Unexpected positive events do not result in flashbulb memories","volume":"28","author":"Kraha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017532","article-title":"Effects of age on phenomenology and consistency of flashbulb memories of September 11 and a staged control event","volume":"25","author":"Kvavilashvili","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2009.07.004","article-title":"Consistency of flashbulb memories of September 11 over long delays: implications for consolidation and wrong time slice hypotheses","volume":"61","author":"Kvavilashvili","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.v9i2.521","article-title":"\u201cI knew it would happen and I remember it!\u201d: the flashbulb memory for the death of Pope John Paul II","volume":"9","author":"Lanciano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/109442810032","article-title":"A comparison of approaches to forming composite measures in structural equation models","volume":"3","author":"Landis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.02017","article-title":"Highly superior autobiographical memory: quality and quantity of retention over time","volume":"6","author":"LePort","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2021.1910496","article-title":"Remembering facts versus feelings in the awake of political events","volume":"35","author":"Levine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognit. Emot."},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"48","article-title":"Using structural equation modelling approaches to better understand the formation of flashbulb memories","volume-title":"Flashbulb memories: New challenges and future perspectives","author":"Luminet","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210903081827","article-title":"The 9\/11 attacks inside and outside the US: testing four models of flashbulb memory formation across groups and the specific effects of social identity","volume":"17","author":"Luminet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193404","article-title":"Paradoxical effects of testing: repeated retrieval attempts enhance the likelihood of later accurate and false recall","volume":"34","author":"McDermott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2020.1784232","article-title":"Remembering the big game: social identity and memory for media events","volume":"28","author":"Merck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511664069.003","article-title":"Phantom flashbulbs: false recollections of hearing the news about challenger","volume-title":"Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of \u201cflashbulb\u201d memories","author":"Neisser","year":"1992"},{"volume-title":"Psychometric theory","year":"1994","author":"Nunnally","key":"ref50"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.984","article-title":"Event memory and autobiographical memory for the events of September 11, 2001","volume":"17","author":"Pezdek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing [computer software]","year":"2021","key":"ref52"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"Lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(84)90037-4","article-title":"Vivid memories","volume":"16","author":"Rubin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.05.011","article-title":"Highly superior autobiographical memory in aging: A single case study","volume":"143","author":"Santangelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","article-title":"Estimating the dimension of a model","volume":"6","author":"Schwarz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210544000006","article-title":"Remembering September 11th: the role of retention interval and rehearsal on flashbulb and event memory","volume":"14","author":"Shapiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.981","article-title":"Evidence for the differential impact of time and emotion on personal and event memories for September 11, 2001","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"161","article-title":"A comparison of flashbulb memories for positive and negative events and their biopsychosocial functions","volume-title":"Flashbulb memories: New challenges and future perspectives","author":"Stone","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/1750698017714835","article-title":"How did you hear the news? The role of traditional media, social media, and personal communication in flashbulb memory","volume":"12","author":"Talarico","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mem. Stud."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.2855","article-title":"Memories of \u2018the rivalry\u2019: differences in how fans of the winning and losing teams remember the same game","volume":"26","author":"Talarico","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.02453","article-title":"Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories","volume":"14","author":"Talarico","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2001.88.2.323","article-title":"Flashbulb memories for a negative and a positive event: news of desert storm and acceptance to college","volume":"88","author":"Tekcan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.985","article-title":"Autobiographical and event memory for 9\/11: changes across one year","volume":"17","author":"Tekcan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1452","article-title":"The role of importance\/consequentiality appraisal in flashbulb memory formation: the case of the death of Pope John Paul II","volume":"23","author":"Tinti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-013-0383-9","article-title":"Distinct processes shape flashbulb and event memories","volume":"42","author":"Tinti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291170","article-title":"A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis","volume":"38","author":"Tucker","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210977","article-title":"Novelty assessment in the brain and long-term memory encoding","volume":"2","author":"Tulving","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.02.001","article-title":"How schema and novelty augment memory formation","volume":"35","author":"Van Kesteren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.112.3.413","article-title":"Relating age at encoding in childhood to adult recall: development of flashbulb memories","volume":"112","author":"Winograd","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1116747\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T05:44:01Z","timestamp":1676958241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1116747\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1116747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1116747","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-1078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"article-number":"1116747"}}