{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T16:25:17Z","timestamp":1758039917938,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study compared the psychometric properties of two primary instruments for assessing sport motivation based on Self-Determination Theory: the Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II) and the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional analysis evaluated the scales\u2019 internal consistency, factor structure, convergent and discriminant validity, and model fit, which required post-hoc modifications. Measurement invariance and adherence to the theoretical simplex pattern were also tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The BRSQ demonstrated generally acceptable reliability, while the SMS-II showed deficiencies in its introjected, external, and amotivation subscales. Both scales faced validity challenges in distinguishing adjacent motivational constructs. Although measurement invariance was supported, correlations deviated from the theoretical quasi-simplex pattern.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The BRSQ appears more robust, but neither scale is flawless. Researchers must select instruments aligned with their specific objectives and interpret scores cautiously due to these psychometric limitations. This underscores the need for refined tools to better capture the dynamic complexity of motivation in sports.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1652580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T05:25:44Z","timestamp":1757568344000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire and sport motivation scale-II: a scale comparison"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joana","family":"Bica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Jacinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Cid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Forte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12803","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12803","article-title":"Validity and reliability evidence for the behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire with Romanian professional athletes","volume":"10","author":"Alexe","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014236","article-title":"Identified versus introjected approach and introjected avoidance motivations in school and in sports: the limited benefits of self-worth strivings","volume":"101","author":"Assor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295262","article-title":"Cross-cultural validation of the \u201crevised sport motivation scale\u201d (SMS-II) in Arabic language: exploratory study on motivation in sport for a sample of Tunisian athletes","volume":"18","author":"Baaziz","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1980-657420220010721","article-title":"Internal consistency of the sport motivation scale-II questionnaire in the Brazilian context: potentialities and limitations","volume":"28","author":"Barreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Motriz Rev. Educ. Fis."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-11-41","article-title":"Quantifying, displaying and accounting for heterogeneity in the meta-analysis of RCTs using standard and generalized Q statistics","volume":"11","author":"Bowden","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"465","article-title":"Development and validation of a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: the sport motivation scale (SMS)","volume":"26","author":"Briere","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315757421","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming","author":"Byrne","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1590\/s0124-00642008000500015","article-title":"Psychometric properties of a scale: internal consistency","volume":"10","author":"Campo-Arias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Salud Publica."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2017-0194","article-title":"Longitudinal sport motivation among young athletes in intensive training settings: using methodological advances to explore temporal structure of youth behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire scores","volume":"41","author":"Cece","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.5430\/ijhe.v7n5p185","article-title":"Turkish adaptation of behavioral regulations in sports questionnaire and reviewing psychometry properties: validation and reliability study","volume":"7","author":"\u00c7etinkaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11694","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111694","article-title":"Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Malay version of sports motivation scale-II","volume":"18","author":"Chin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00348","article-title":"Motivation measures in sport: a critical review and bibliometric analysis","volume":"8","author":"Clancy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","year":"1988","author":"Cohen","key":"ref13"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2271-7","volume-title":"Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior","author":"Deci","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"237","article-title":"A motivational approach to self: integration in personality","volume":"38","author":"Deci","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nebr. Symp. Motiv."},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012801","article-title":"Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health","volume":"49","author":"Deci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. Psychol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.26773\/smj.190204","article-title":"Evaluating dancers' participation motives: the use of the Greek version of the BRSQ","volume":"17","author":"Filippos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sport Mont"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.15405\/epsbs.2019.04.02.45","article-title":"Reduced Spanish adaptation of the behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire","volume":"62","author":"Francisco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Proc. Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122768","article-title":"Spanish adaptation and psychometric properties of the sport motivation scale-II with high school physical education students","volume":"15","author":"Granero-Gallegos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1590\/1517-869220192501184936","article-title":"Behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire (BRSQ): use in young Brazilian athletes","volume":"25","author":"Guedes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Sports Med."},{"volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis","year":"2019","author":"Hair","key":"ref20"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197x.2014.999347","article-title":"Examination of the internal structure of the behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire among dancers","volume":"13","author":"Hancox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712184","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, vol. 5","author":"Higgins","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000125","article-title":"Testing a continuum structure of self-determined motivation: a meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Howard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4473\/TPM28.2.6","article-title":"Sport motivation scale-II in adolescent athletes: systematic review of existing psychometric studies and Czech adaptation of the instrument","volume":"28","author":"Jel\u00ednek","year":"2021","journal-title":"TPM Test. Psychom. Methodol. Appl. Psychol."},{"volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","year":"2016","author":"Kline","key":"ref26"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197x.2016.1153130","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the sport motivation scale-II for Chinese athletes","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.30.3.323","article-title":"The behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire (BRSQ): instrument development and initial validity evidence","volume":"30","author":"Lonsdale","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125231218188","article-title":"Translation and psychometric evaluation of a Chinese version of the behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire (BRSQ) with university sport athletes","volume":"131","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2006.12.005","article-title":"Sport motivation scale-6 (SMS-6): a revised six-factor sport motivation scale","volume":"8","author":"Mallett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.24.3.254","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the sport motivation scale: an evaluation with college varsity athletes from the U.S.","volume":"24","author":"Martens","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200290103608","article-title":"An exploratory study of flow and motivation in theater actors","volume":"14","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1348\/2044-8287.002009","article-title":"The development of a scale measuring integrated regulation in exercise","volume":"16","author":"McLachlan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"145","article-title":"Validation of the behavioral regulation sport questionnaire in Portuguese athletes","volume":"27","author":"Monteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Psychol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512519825700","article-title":"Behavioral regulation sport questionnaire: sex and sport invariance in Portuguese athletes","volume":"126","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.5232\/ricyde2011.02602","article-title":"Validaci\u00f3n de la Escala de \u201cSatisfacci\u00f3n de las Necesidades Psicol\u00f3gicas B\u00e1sicas\u201d y del Cuestionario de la \u201cRegulaci\u00f3n Conductual en el Deporte\u201d al contexto espa\u00f1ol [Validation of Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale and the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire to the Spanish context]","volume":"7","author":"Moreno-Murcia","year":"2011","journal-title":"RICYDE. Rev. Int. Cienc. Deporte."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.4025\/reveducfis.v25i3.24855","article-title":"Cross-cultural adaptation and analysis of the psychometric properties of the sport motivation scale-II in the Brazilian context","volume":"25","author":"Nascimento","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. F\u00eds.\/UEM"},{"volume-title":"Psychometric theory","year":"1978","author":"Nunnally","key":"ref40"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.24193\/cbb.2017.21.17","article-title":"Validation of the Hungarian sport motivation scale (H-SMS)","volume":"21","author":"Paic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Behav. Interdiscip. J."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.17.1.35","article-title":"Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: the sport motivation scale (SMS)","volume":"17","author":"Pelletier","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Sport Exercise. Psychol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2012.12.002","article-title":"Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II)","volume":"14","author":"Pelletier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197x.2017.1339729","article-title":"French adaptation and validation of the sport motivation scale-II (echelle de motivation dans les sports-II)","volume":"17","author":"Pelletier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t55850-000","article-title":"Motivation Toward the Environment Scale (MTES) [Database record]","author":"Pelletier","year":"1998","journal-title":"APA PsycTests"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440231218512","article-title":"Validation of the sport motivation scale-II: implications for the Portuguese youth sport system","volume":"14","author":"Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5232\/ricyde2016.04402","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the revised sports motivation scale (SMS-II) adapted for Spanish speaking in Mexico","volume":"12","author":"Pineda-Espejel","year":"2016","journal-title":"RICYDE. Rev. Int. Cienc. Deporte."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.23.4.281","article-title":"Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure","volume":"23","author":"Raedeke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/01466216970212006","article-title":"Estimation of composite reliability for congeneric measures","volume":"21","author":"Raykov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas."},{"volume-title":"A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2023","key":"ref48"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"57","article-title":"External validity of the sport motivation scale","volume":"8","author":"Riemer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forward"},{"volume-title":"Behavioral change in physical activity and health","year":"2021","author":"Rodrigues","key":"ref52"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125211039362","article-title":"Adaptation and validation of a Portuguese version of the sports motivation scale-II (SMS-II-P) showing invariance for sex and sport type","volume":"128","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref9003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.43.3.450","article-title":"Control and information in the intrapersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory","volume":"43","author":"Ryan","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref9004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Agency and organization: Intrinsic motivation, autonomy, and the self in psychological development","volume-title":"Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1992: Developmental perspectives on motivation","author":"Ryan","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref9005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.5.749","article-title":"Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains","volume":"57","author":"Ryan","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1521\/978.14625\/28806","volume-title":"Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness","author":"Ryan","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.12.413","article-title":"Adapting BRsQ to assess coach's perception of athletes' motivation: internal structure analysis","volume":"159","author":"Shokri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia. Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2021.s3281","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Hungarian adaptation of the sport motivation scale II","volume":"21","author":"Smohai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2014-0330","article-title":"Bayesian structural equation modeling in sport and exercise psychology","volume":"37","author":"Stenling","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.03.002","article-title":"Exploring longitudinal measurement invariance and the continuum hypothesis in the Swedish version of the behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire (BRSQ): an exploratory structural equation modeling approach","volume":"36","author":"Stenling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA8001_18","article-title":"Starting at the beginning: an introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency","volume":"80","author":"Streiner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102286","article-title":"The behavioral regulation in exercise questionnaire (BREQ-4): psychometric evidence of introjected approach regulation in Portuguese health club exercisers","volume":"63","author":"Teixeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-9-78","article-title":"Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Teixeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.6063\/motricidade.3194","article-title":"Assessing adolescents' sport participation motives: psychometric evaluation of BRSQ","volume":"11","author":"Tsitskari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Motricity"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"63","article-title":"Adaptation and validity of motivation scale in sport 2 (SMS-2) for Chilean university students","volume":"18","author":"Vallejo-Reyes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Psychol."},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"271","article-title":"Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation","volume-title":"Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 29","author":"Vallerand","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294117709261","article-title":"The Spanish adaptation of the sport motivation scale-II in adolescent athletes","volume":"120","author":"Viciana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197x.2013.830434","article-title":"Measurement invariance of the behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire when completed by young athletes across five European countries","volume":"11","author":"Viladrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"786","article-title":"Psychometric quality supporting the Spanish adaptation of the behavioral regulation in sport questionnaire","volume":"23","author":"Viladrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychothema"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2000.10608921","article-title":"Motivation profiles in sport: a self-determination theory perspective","volume":"71","author":"Vlachopoulos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1652580\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T05:25:52Z","timestamp":1757568352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1652580\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1652580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1652580","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-1078"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"article-number":"1652580"}}