{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:51:29Z","timestamp":1791535889494,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013290","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFA1109101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFA1109101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013290","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008235","name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025-PUMCH-C-032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-PUMCH-C-032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008235","name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-PUMCH-B-117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-B-117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Aging"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunosenescence refers to the structural and functional remodeling of the immune system that accompanies aging, and is closely linked to increased susceptibility to infection, diminished vaccine responses, and a higher burden of chronic disease. While flow cytometric profiling of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets has become a key tool for characterizing immune aging, systematic age-related data on NK cell subsets (CD56hi\/CD56dim\/CD56neg three-way classification) and B cell subsets (IgD\/CD27 four-way classification) in healthy Chinese adults remain scarce. Quantitative age trends for CD57 and TEMRA as markers of terminal T cell differentiation have also been incompletely described in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We prospectively enrolled 146 healthy adults attending the annual health examination center of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Panel 1: n = 103, age 20\u201382 years; Panel 2: n = 43, age 25\u201392 years, enriched for older participants). Panel 1 was a 12-color single-tube assay covering T cells (including CD57), NK cell trisubsets, and IgD\/CD27-based B cell subsets. Panel 2 was a 12-color dual-tube assay focused on detailed T cell differentiation, incorporating CD45RA\/CD62L, CD28, CD31, CD38, and HLA-DR. Spearman rank correlation, Kruskal\u2013Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In Panel 1 (n = 103), ten parameters showed significant age correlations. CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD57\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = +0.421, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD57\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = +0.338, p &amp;lt; 0.001) rose most strongly with age. Total NK frequency increased (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = +0.259, p = 0.008) while CD56hiCD16\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      regulatory NK cells declined (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.263, p = 0.007) and NK PD-1 expression rose (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = +0.256, p = 0.009). IgD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD27\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      marginal zone-like B cells declined significantly in Panel 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.257, p = 0.009). Panel 2 (n = 43) revealed the strongest signals in CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells: TEMRA accumulation (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = +0.532), CD28 loss (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.552), and naive depletion (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.534) all reached p &amp;lt; 0.001. CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      naive cells also declined significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.303, p = 0.048). Multivariate analysis confirmed that most associations were independent of sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides a comprehensive characterization of age-related immunophenotypic changes across NK cell subsets, IgD\/CD27-defined B cell subsets, and multidimensional T cell markers in healthy Chinese adults, offering reference data for clinical immune assessment and vaccine response prediction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2026.1847033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:22:36Z","timestamp":1791534156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age-associated remodeling of NK cell subsets, B cell subsets, and T cell surface markers in peripheral blood of healthy Chinese adults: a prospective multicolor flow cytometry study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengda","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fada","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leidan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinchao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taisheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10985","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205985","article-title":"An updated immunosenescence exploration in healthy Chinese donors: circular elevated PD-1 on T cell and increased Ki67 on CD8+ T cell towards aging","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-010-9170-8","article-title":"Age-related deregulation of naive T cell homeostasis in elderly humans","volume":"33","author":"Ferrando-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0059-4","article-title":"Inflammaging: a new immune-metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases","volume":"14","author":"Franceschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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