{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:05:06Z","timestamp":1773900306579,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sports Act. Living"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tracking devices, such as global (GPS) and local (LPS) positioning systems, combined with physiological measurements, have become reliable tools to characterize movement patterns, assessing the external load (EL), internal load (IL), fatigue, and performance of athletes in team sports. This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the applicability of tracking systems in physical performance analysis within team sports and the wellbeing of athletes based on research strategies and combined variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Scopus databases according to PRISMA guidelines. The 79 studies that were reviewed met the following criteria: (1) contained relevant data regarding elite athletes\u2032 performance; (2) athletes' EL and IL; (3) were written in the English language; (4) were related only to team sports.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings indicate that tracking technology has been engaged in several research areas, including performance analysis, training vs. match load management, injuries, and nutrition, through characterization and correlational studies. Metrics, primarily focused on kinematic and mechanical EL aspects, have been employed in combination with IL data to analyze the performance of athletes. However, the lack of an integrative model for the analysis and integration of EL and IL metrics within each team sport suggests an interesting direction for further research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a need for coherence between the methods and the research goals on performance analysis. The development of a framework that guides experimental studies is highly recommended, particularly on manipulating metrics analyzed between training and match sessions, injury prevention, and nutrition. This will lead to the development of the most applied sports science research to improve the preparation and decision-making of athletes based on reliable data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link>https:\/\/inplasy.com\/?s=2022120039<\/jats:ext-link>, identifier 2022120039.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1284086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T12:13:42Z","timestamp":1700741622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Tracking devices and physical performance analysis in team sports: a comprehensive framework for research\u2014trends and future directions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Duarte-Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Valente-Dos-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Travassos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0772-5","article-title":"Activity demands during multi-directional team sports: a systematic activity demands during multi-directional team sports: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0586","article-title":"Factors affecting match running performance in professional Australian football","volume":"12","author":"Ryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0440-6","article-title":"Application of global positioning system and microsensor technology in competitive rugby league match-play: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Hausler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020827","article-title":"Relationships between external, wearable sensor-based, and internal parameters: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Helwig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.1.62","article-title":"Factors affecting perception of effort (session rating of perceived exertion) during rugby league training","volume":"8","author":"Lovell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181874512","article-title":"The ecological validity and application of the session-RPE method for quantifying training loads in swimming","volume":"23","author":"Wallace","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201264","article-title":"Effective injury forecasting in soccer with GPS training data and machine learning","volume":"13","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0188","article-title":"Weekly training load in elite male ice hockey: practice versus competition demands","volume":"17","author":"Rago","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333070-00004","article-title":"Heart rate monitoring: applications and limitations","volume":"33","author":"Achten","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0253-z","article-title":"Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes","volume":"44","author":"Halson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738119868477","article-title":"Does overexertion correlate with increased injury? 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