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At present, the regulatory assessment of the immunotoxicity of chemicals relies heavily on rodent models and a limited number of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guidelines, which only capture a fraction of potential toxic properties. Due to this limitation, various authorities, including the World Health Organization and the European Food Safety Authority have highlighted the need for the development of novel approaches without the use of animals for immunotoxicity testing of chemicals. In this paper, we present a concise overview of ongoing efforts dedicated to developing and standardizing methodologies for a comprehensive characterization of the immunotoxic effects of chemicals, which are performed under the EU-funded Partnership for the Assessment of Risk from Chemicals (PARC).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2024.1339104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T04:25:52Z","timestamp":1712636752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["New approach methodologies to enhance human health risk assessment of immunotoxic properties of chemicals \u2014 a PARC (Partnership for the Assessment of Risk from Chemicals) project"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Igor","family":"Snapkow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicola M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Arnesdotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Beekmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Etienne B.","family":"Blanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Braeuning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Corsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Sollner Dolenc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Loes P. 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