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Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Equine fertilization cannot be performed in the laboratory as equine spermatozoa do not cross the oocyte's zona pellucida <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Hence, a more profound study of equine oviductal fluid (OF) composition at the pre-ovulatory and post-ovulatory stages could help in understanding what components are required to achieve fertilization in horses. Our work aimed to elucidate the proteomic composition of equine OF at both stages. To do this, OF was obtained postmortem from oviducts of slaughtered mares ipsilateral to a pre-ovulatory follicle (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4) or a recent ovulation (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4); the samples were kept at \u221280\u00b0C until analysis. After protein extraction and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling, the samples were analyzed by nano-liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS). The analysis of the spectra resulted in the identification of a total of 1,173 proteins present in pre-ovulatory and post-ovulatory samples; among these, 691 were unique for <jats:italic>Equus caballus<\/jats:italic>. Proteins from post-ovulatory oviductal fluid were compared with the proteins from pre-ovulatory oviductal fluid and were categorized as upregulated (positive log fold change) or downregulated (negative log fold change). Fifteen proteins were found to be downregulated in the post-ovulatory fluid and 156 were upregulated in the post-ovulatory OF compared to the pre-ovulatory fluid; among the upregulated proteins, 87 were included in the <jats:italic>metabolism of proteins<\/jats:italic> pathway. The identified proteins were related to <jats:italic>sperm\u2013oviduct interaction, fertilization<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>metabolism<\/jats:italic>, among others. Our data reveal consistent differences in the proteome of equine OF prior to and after ovulation, helping to increase our understanding in the factors that promote fertilization and early embryo development in horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.694247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T08:23:37Z","timestamp":1628151817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Proteome of Equine Oviductal Fluid Varies Before and After Ovulation: A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Marinaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Calabuig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luis Jes\u00fas","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Julia","family":"Bragado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lauro","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Mac\u00edas-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2008.01136.x","article-title":"The manipulation of gametes and embryos in farm animals","volume":"43","author":"Galli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim Zuchthyg."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1071\/RD15238","article-title":"Effect of bovine oviductal fluid on development and quality of bovine embryos produced in vitro","volume":"29","author":"Lopera-Vasquez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"789","article-title":"Cytological study of fecundation in vitro of rabbit ovum","volume":"148","author":"Thibault","year":"1954","journal-title":"C R Seances Soc Biol Fil."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/168697b0","article-title":"Fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa deposited into the fallopian tubes","volume":"168","author":"Chang","year":"1951","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9510581","article-title":"Observations on the penetration of the sperm into the mammalian egg","volume":"4","author":"Austin","year":"1951","journal-title":"Aust J Biol Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biv119","article-title":"The common and species-specific roles of oviductal proteins in mammalian fertilization and embryo development","volume":"65","author":"Coy","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioScience."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0880361","article-title":"Concentrations of nutrients in mouse oviduct fluid and their effects on embryo development and metabolism in vitro","volume":"88","author":"Gardner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Reproduction."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R233","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0420","article-title":"Why doesn't conventional IVF work in the horse? 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