{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T07:36:06Z","timestamp":1770708966310,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adequate radiographic positioning on the X-ray table is paramount for canine hip dysplasia (HD) screening. The aims of this study were to evaluate femoral parallelism on normal ventrodorsal hip extended (VDHE) view and the effect of femoral angulation (FA) on Norberg Angle (NA) and Hip Congruency Index (HCI). The femoral parallelism was evaluated comparing the alignment of the long femoral axis with the long body axis in normal VDHE views and the effect of FA on NA and HCI on repeated VDHE views with different levels of FA. The femoral long axis in normal VDHE views showed a ranged of FA from \u22124.85\u00b0 to 5.85\u00b0, mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation (SD) of \u22120.06\u2009\u00b1\u20092.41\u00b0, 95% CI [\u22124.88, 4.76\u00b0]. In the paired views, the mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD femur adduction of 3.69\u2009\u00b1\u20091.96\u00b0 led to a statistically significant decrease NA, and HCI, and femur abduction of 2.89\u2009\u00b1\u20092.12 led to a statistically significant increase in NA and HCI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). The FA differences were also significantly correlated with both NA differences (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.83) and HCI differences (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.44) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). This work describes a methodology that allows evaluation of femoral parallelism in VDHE views and the results suggest that femur abduction yielded more desirable NA and HCI values and adduction impaired NA and HCI values. The positive linear association of FA with NA and HCI allows the use of regression equations to create corrections, to reduce the influence of poor femoral parallelism in the HD scoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1160200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T05:38:20Z","timestamp":1683265100000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Femoral parallelism: evaluation and impact of variation on canine hip dysplasia assessment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Franco-Gon\u00e7alo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Alves-Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lio","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Cola\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexandrine","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fintan","family":"McEvoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Ginja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.04.009","article-title":"Diagnosis, genetic control and preventive management of canine hip dysplasia: a review","volume":"184","author":"Ginja","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2147\/VMRR.S63536","article-title":"Emerging insights into the genetic basis of canine hip dysplasia","volume":"6","author":"Ginja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Med Res Reports"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.e2270","article-title":"Interpretation and use of BVA\/KC hip scores in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Dennis","year":"2012","journal-title":"In Pract"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"135","article-title":"Scoring radiographs for canine hip dysplasia \u2013 the big three organizations in the world","volume":"17","author":"Fl\u00fcckiger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Companion Anim Pr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2011.01105.x","article-title":"Canine hip dyslasia: the significance of the Norberg angle for healthy breeding","volume":"52","author":"Comhaire","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.1492","article-title":"Quantification of measurement of femoral head coverage and Norberg angle within and among four breeds of dogs","volume":"61","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12172201","article-title":"Acetabular coverage area occupied by the femoral head as an Indicator of hip congruency","volume":"12","author":"Franco-Gon\u00e7alo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1160\/VCOT-07-01-0007","article-title":"Canine hip dysplasia radiographic screening. 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