{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:40:22Z","timestamp":1760244022871,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,26]],"date-time":"2009-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose a solution for gunshot location in national parks. In Spain there are agencies such as SEPRONA that fight against poaching with considerable success. The DiANa project, which is endorsed by Caba\u00f1eros National Park and the SEPRONA service, proposes a system to automatically detect and locate gunshots. This work presents its technical aspects related to network design and planning. The system consists of a network of acoustic sensors that locate gunshots by hyperbolic multi-lateration estimation. The differences in sound time arrivals allow the computation of a low error estimator of gunshot location. The accuracy of this method depends on tight sensor clock synchronization, which an ad-hoc time synchronization protocol provides. On the other hand, since the areas under surveillance are wide, and electric power is scarce, it is necessary to maximize detection coverage and minimize system cost at the same time. Therefore, sensor network planning has two targets, i.e., coverage and cost. We model planning as an unconstrained problem with two objective functions. We determine a set of candidate solutions of interest by combining a derivative-free descent method we have recently proposed with a Pareto front approach. The results are clearly superior to random seeding in a realistic simulation scenario.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/91209493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,28]],"date-time":"2009-11-28T06:03:28Z","timestamp":1259388208000},"page":"9493-9512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Acoustic Sensor Planning for Gunshot Location in National Parks: A Pareto Front Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Casta\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico de las Telecomunicaciones de Galicia (Gradiant), Campus As Lagoas\/Marcosende, Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Telematics Engineering Department, University of Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Vales Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Communications Technologies Department, Technical University of Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Costa-Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telematics Engineering Department, University of Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Matencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Communications Technologies Department, Technical University of Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Vicente-Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Communications Technologies Department, Technical University of Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Parrado-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Communications Technologies Department, Technical University of Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Gil-Casti\u00f1eira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telematics Engineering Department, University of Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Costas-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico de las Telecomunicaciones de Galicia (Gradiant), Campus As Lagoas\/Marcosende, Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"SEPRONA. Servicio de Protecci\u00f3n a la Naturaleza webpage. Available online: http:\/\/www.guardiacivil.org\/quesomos\/organizacion\/operaciones\/seprona\/ (accessed September 20, 2009), (in Spanish)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Detenidos 12 cazadores furtivos en la Operaci\u00f3n Bambi. Available online: http:\/\/www.elpais.com\/articulo\/espana\/Detenidos\/cazadores\/furtivos\/Operacion\/Bambi\/elpepuesp\/20080312elpepunac_14\/Tes (accessed September 22, 2009), (in Spanish)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Desarticulada un red de cazadores furtivos en la Sierra de Gredos. Available online: http:\/\/www.hoy.es\/20090325\/local\/desarticulada-cazadores-furtivos-sierra-200903251611.html (accessed September 24, 2009), (in Spanish)."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Spanish National Parks webpage. 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