{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T17:26:42Z","timestamp":1778347602799,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,18]],"date-time":"2017-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless sensor network (WSN) applications are rapidly growing and are widely used in various disciplines. Deployment is one of the key issues to be solved in WSNs, since the sensor nodes\u2019 positioning affects highly the system performance. An optimal WSN deployment should maximize the collection of the desired interest phenomena, guarantee the required coverage and connectivity, extend the network lifetime, and minimize the network cost in terms of energy consumption. Most of the research effort in this area aims to solve the deployment issue, without minimizing the network cost by reducing unnecessary working nodes in the network. In this paper, we propose a deployment approach based on the gradient method and the Simulated Annealing algorithm to solve the sensor deployment problem with the minimum number of sensor nodes. The proposed algorithm is able to heuristically optimize the number of sensors and their positions in order to achieve the desired application requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a10030080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,18]],"date-time":"2017-07-18T10:33:14Z","timestamp":1500373994000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["A Hybrid Algorithm for Optimal Wireless Sensor Network Deployment with the Minimum Number of Sensor Nodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yasser","family":"El Khamlichi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National School of Applied Sciences of Tetouan, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, T\u00e9touan 93000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abderrahim","family":"Tahiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National School of Applied Sciences of Tetouan, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, T\u00e9touan 93000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anouar","family":"Abtoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National School of Applied Sciences of Tetouan, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, T\u00e9touan 93000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Medina-Bulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering School of Engineering-University of C\u00e1diz, C\u00e1diz 11001, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Palomo-Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering School of Engineering-University of C\u00e1diz, C\u00e1diz 11001, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16932","DOI":"10.3390\/s140916932","article-title":"Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in Marine Environment Monitoring: A Survey","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2013.12.049","article-title":"An intelligent slope disaster prediction and monitoring system based on WSN and ANP","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Syst. 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