{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T20:59:49Z","timestamp":1768683589089,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blast-resistant buildings are mainly used to protect main instruments, controllers, expensive equipment, and people from explosion waves. Oil and gas industry projects almost always include blast-resistant buildings. For instance, based on a hazard identification (HAZID) and hazard and operability (HAZOP) analysis of a plant, control rooms and substations are sometimes designed to withstand an external free air explosion that generates blast over pressure. In this regard, a building fa\u00e7ade is considered to be the first barrier of resistance against explosion waves, and therefore a building fa\u00e7ade has an important role in reducing a building\u2019s vulnerability and human casualties. In case of a lack of enough resistance, explosion waves enter a building and bring about irreparable damage to the building. Consequently, it seems important to study and evaluate various materials used in a fa\u00e7ade against the consequences of an explosion. This study tried to make a comparison between different types of building facades against explosion waves. The materials used in a building play a key role in the vulnerability of a building. In this research, a literature review and the fuzzy Delphi method were applied to find the most critical criteria, and then a fuzzy evaluation based on the distance from the average solution (EDAS) was applied in order to assess various materials used in building facades from the perspective of resiliency. A questionnaire was presented to measure effective indices in order to receive experts\u2019 ideas. Finally, by implementing this methodology in a case study, it was concluded that a stone fa\u00e7ade performs much better against explosions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a12060119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T11:39:47Z","timestamp":1560166787000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Role of Fa\u00e7ade Materials in Blast-Resistant Buildings: An Evaluation Based on Fuzzy Delphi and Fuzzy EDAS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Hasheminasab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, 16th Azar St., Enghelab Sq., Tehran 1417466191, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarfaraz","family":"Hashemkhani Zolfani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Catholic University of the North, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Bitarafan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Risk Management, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Tehran 1953714453, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prasenjit","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, MCKV Institute of Engineering, Howrah 711204, West Bengal 711204, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Abhaji Ezabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Technology Foresight Group, Department of Management, Science and Technology, Tehran 15854413, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of Types of Shapes of Building Roof Against Explosion","volume":"5","author":"Pourirahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"IACSIT Int. J. Eng. Tech."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Araghizadeh, M. (2011). Requirements and Architectural Design Considerations for Bureau Buildings from Passive Defense Point of View. [Master Thesis, Malek Ashtar University]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1260\/2041-4196.1.1.1","article-title":"Explosion Protection\u2014Architectural Design, Urban Planning and Landscape Planning","volume":"1","author":"Gebbeken","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Protect. Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"53","article-title":"New architectural forms to reduce the effects of blast waves and fragments on structures, Editors: Talasdilis, D.G.; Brebbia, C.A.; Jones, N.; Structures under Shock and Impact V","volume":"32","author":"Barakat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comput. Mechan. Publ."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Mojtahed Pour, M. (2009). The influences of the shape of instruction on stress distribution from eruptive loading, University of Khalije Fars, The Educational Research Institution of Defensive Crafts, Engineering Faculty."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2003.08.011","article-title":"Analysis of building collapse under blast loads","volume":"26","author":"Luccioni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.3846\/13923730.2016.1189457","article-title":"Model for rapid assessment of vulnerability of office buildings to blast using SWARA and SMART methods (a case study of swiss re tower)","volume":"22","author":"Nakhaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Civil Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"149","article-title":"Choosing the best urban tunnels as safe space in crisis using AHP method: a case study in Iran","volume":"39","author":"Nakhaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Arch. Urban."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2016.08.015","article-title":"The architectural evaluation of buildings\u2019 indices in explosion crisis management","volume":"55","author":"Bitarafan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alexandria Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"137","article-title":"Selecting the optimal composition of architectural forms from the perspective of civil defense using AHP and IHWP methods","volume":"11","author":"Bitarafan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Eng. Design Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"47","article-title":"The Role of Basic Forms Buildings in Explosion Protection","volume":"2","author":"Hosseini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"67","article-title":"Role of architectural space in blast-resistant buildings","volume":"2","author":"Bitarafan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Arch. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3846\/1648715X.2016.1190794","article-title":"Evaluation types of exterior walls to reconstruct Iran earthquake areas (Ahar Heris Varzeqan) by using AHP and fuzzy methods","volume":"20","author":"Hosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Strat. Prop. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2019, June 24). FEMA 426 Reference Manual to Mitigate Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings, Available online: https:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/xlibrary\/assets\/st\/st-bips-06.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(98)00067-0","article-title":"The Fuzzy Delphi method via fuzzy statistics and membership function fitting and an application to the human resources","volume":"112","author":"Chang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.15388\/Informatica.2015.57","article-title":"Multicriteria inventory classification using a new method of evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS)","volume":"26","author":"Zavadskas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Informatica"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.15837\/ijccc.2016.3.2557","article-title":"Extended EDAS Method for Fuzzy Multi-criteria Decision-making: An Application to Supplier Selection","volume":"11","author":"Zavadskas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Commun. Contrl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3846\/16486897.2017.1281139","article-title":"Intuitionistic fuzzy EDAS method: an application to solid waste disposal site selection","volume":"25","author":"Kahraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng. Landscape Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Keshavarz Ghorabaee, M., Amiri, M., Zavadskas, E.K., Turskis, Z., and Antucheviciene, J. (2018). A Dynamic Fuzzy Approach Based on the EDAS Method for Multi-Criteria Subcontractor Evaluation. Information, 9."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2017.08.017","article-title":"A new multi-criteria model based on interval type-2 fuzzy sets and EDAS method for supplier evaluation and order allocation with environmental considerations","volume":"112","author":"Amiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Indust. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.04.011","article-title":"A new hybrid fuzzy MCDM approach for evaluation of construction equipment with sustainability considerations","volume":"18","author":"Amiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Civil Mechan. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.02.011","article-title":"Hydrogen mobility roll-up site selection using intuitionistic fuzzy sets based WASPAS, COPRAS and EDAS","volume":"44","author":"Schitea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydr. Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3846\/transport.2019.7275","article-title":"Evaluation of suppliers under uncertainty: A multiphase approach based on fuzzy AHP and fuzzy EDAS","volume":"34","author":"Tanackov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transport"}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/12\/6\/119\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:57:19Z","timestamp":1760187439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/12\/6\/119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["a12060119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a12060119","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4893","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]]}}}