{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:11:35Z","timestamp":1777587095275,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The characteristic of the satellite repeat shift time can reflect the status of the satellite operation, and is also one of the key factors of the sidereal filtering multipath correction. Although some methods have been developed to calculate the repeat shift time, few efforts have been made to analyze and compare the performance of this feature for the GPS (Global Positioning System), BDS (BeiDou System), and Galileo in depth. Hence, three methods used for calculating the repeat shift time are presented, and used to compare and analyze the three global systems in depth, named the broadcast ephemeris method (BEM), correlation coefficient method (CCM), and aspect repeat time method (ARTM). The experiment results show that the repeat shift time of each satellite is different. Also, the difference between the maximum and minimum varies from different systems. The maximum difference is about 25 s for the BDS IGSO (Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit) and the minimum is merely 10 s for the GPS system. Furthermore, for the same satellite, the shift time calculated by the three methods is almost identical, and the maximum difference is only about 7 s between the CCM and the ARTM method for the BDS MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) satellite. Although the repeat shift time is different daily for the same satellite and the same method, the changes are very small. Moreover, in terms of the STD (Standard Deviation) of the BS (between satellites) and MS (mean shift for the same satellite), the GPS system is the best, the performance of the BDS system is medium, and the Galileo performs slightly worse than the GPS and BDS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a12110233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T06:47:57Z","timestamp":1572936477000},"page":"233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparison of Satellite Repeat Shift Time for GPS, BDS, and Galileo Navigation Systems by Three Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yanxi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinguang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingkun","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1029\/91JB02997","article-title":"Rapid resolution of crustal motion at short ranges with the global positioning system","volume":"97","author":"Genrich","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9921","DOI":"10.1029\/95JB00868","article-title":"Geodesy using the Global Positioning System: The effects of signal scattering on estimates of site position","volume":"100","author":"Elosegui","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28223","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB900268","article-title":"Instantaneous geodetic positioning at medium distances with the Global Positioning System","volume":"105","author":"Bock","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21897","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000329","article-title":"Seismic wave observations with the Global Positioning System","volume":"106","author":"Nikolaidis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RS5002","DOI":"10.1029\/2003RS002999","article-title":"Development of an antenna and multipath calibration system for Global Positioning System sites","volume":"39","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"237","article-title":"Precise GPS Positioning Improvements by Reducing Antenna and Site Dependent Effects","volume":"Volume 118","author":"Seeber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Advancing Geodesy in a Changing World"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L22608","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021621","article-title":"Modified sidereal filtering: Implications for high-rate GPS positioning","volume":"31","author":"Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-009-0358-6","article-title":"Statistical modeling for the mitigation of GPS multipath delays from day-to-day range measurements","volume":"84","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0409-1","article-title":"Carrier phase multipath mitigation for BeiDou navigation satellite system","volume":"19","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/00396265.2016.1198563","article-title":"A modified sidereal filtering for mitigating the code measurement multipath effects of BeiDou GEO satellites","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-016-0903-z","article-title":"A geometry-free and ionosphere-free multipath mitigation method for BDS three-frequency ambiguity resolution","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-018-0708-z","article-title":"A new multipath mitigation method based on adaptive thresholding wavelet denoising and double reference shift strategy","volume":"22","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1179\/sre.2002.36.283.306","article-title":"GPS Multipath Change Detection in Permanent GPS Stations","volume":"36","author":"Ge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-006-0113-1","article-title":"GPS sidereal filtering: Coordinate and carrier-phase -level strategies","volume":"81","author":"Ragheb","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0374-8","article-title":"Multipath analysis of code measurements for BeiDou geostationary satellites","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ning, Y., Yuan, Y., Chai, Y., and Huang, Y. (2016). Analysis of the Bias on the Beidou GEO Multipath Combinations. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081252"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004367","article-title":"Improving the precision of high-rate GPS","volume":"112","author":"Larson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Q., Wang, G., Liu, Z., Hu, Z., Dai, Z., and Liu, J. (2016). Analysis of BeiDou Satellite Measurements with Code Multipath and Geometry-Free Ionosphere-Free Combinations. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010123"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-006-0038-4","article-title":"Finding the repeat times of the GPS constellation","volume":"11","author":"Agnew","year":"2007","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Fang, R. (2010). High-Rate GPS Data Non-Difference Precise Processing and Its Application on Seismology. [Ph.D. Thesis, Wuhan University]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-018-0738-6","article-title":"Five-frequency Galileo long-baseline ambiguity resolution with multipath mitigation","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Wang, J., Dong, D., Li, H., Han, L., and Chen, W. (2018). Comparison of Three Methods for Estimating GPS Multipath Repeat Time. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020006"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Yang, J. (1995). Spacecraft Orbit Dynamics and Control, China Astronautic Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Sun, J. (2009). Principles and Applications of Remote Sensing, Wuhan University Press."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Zandbergen, R., Dinwiddy, S., Hahn, J., Breeuwer, E., and Blonski, D. (2004, January 21\u201324). Galileo orbit selection. Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation ION GNSS 2004, Long Beach, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"ESA (2014, December 03). Galileo Satellite Recovered and Transmitting Navigation Signals. European Space Agency, Our Activities, Navigation. Galileo Satellite Recovered and Transmitting Navigation Signals. European Space Agency, Our Activities, Navigation. Available online: http:\/\/www.esa.int\/Our_Activities\/Navigation\/ Galileo_ satellite recovered and_ transmitting navigation signals."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"ESA (2015, November 09). Sixth Galileo satellite reaches corrected orbit. European Space Agency, our activities, navigation, Galileo, Galileo Launches. Available online: http:\/\/www.esa.int\/Our_Activities\/ Navigation\/Galileo\/Galileo_ Launches\/Sixth Galileo satellite reaches corrected orbit."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/12\/11\/233\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:31:56Z","timestamp":1760189516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/12\/11\/233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["a12110233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a12110233","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4893","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]}}}