{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:36:01Z","timestamp":1765546561488,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TBI-V-1-256-VBW-090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TBI-V-1-256-VBW-090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solid oxide fuel cell systems such as those presented in this paper are not only applicable for a pure supply with electric energy, they can typically also be used in decentralized power stations, i.e., as micro-cogeneration systems for houses, where both electric and thermal energy are required. For that application, obviously, the electric power need is not constant but rather changes over time. In such a way, it essentially depends on the user profiles of said houses which can refer to e.g., private households as well as offices. The power use is furthermore not predefined. For an optimal operation of the fuel cell, we want to adjust the power, to match the need with sufficiently small time constants without the implementation of mid- or long-term electrical storage systems such as battery buffers. To adapt the produced electric power a simple, however, sufficiently robust feedback controller regulating the hydrogen mass flow into the cells is necessary. To achieve this goal, four different controllers, namely, a PI output-feedback controller combined with a feedforward control, an internal model control (IMC) approach, a sliding-mode (SM) controller and a state-feedback controller, are developed and compared in this paper. As the challenge is to find a controller ensuring steady-state accuracy and good tracking behavior despite the nonlinearities and uncertainties of the plant, the comparison was done regarding these requirements. Simulations and experiments show that the IMC outperforms the alternatives with respect to steady-state accuracy and tracking behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a13040076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T13:10:47Z","timestamp":1585141847000},"page":"76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Experiments-Based Comparison of Different Power Controllers for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Against Model Imperfections and Delay Phenomena"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8030-6963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiebke","family":"Frenkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Mechatronics, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1548-6547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Rauh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Mechatronics, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1160-8623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Kersten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Mechatronics, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7789-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harald","family":"Aschemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Mechatronics, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprocont.2011.06.017","article-title":"Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: Perspective of Dynamic Modeling and Control","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Process Control"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, B., Qi, Y., and Murshed, A.K.M.M. (2013). Dynamic Modeling and Predictive Control in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: First Principle and Data-based Approaches, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118501054"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2005.09.010","article-title":"Control Strategy for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Gas Turbine Hybrid System","volume":"158","author":"Stiller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauh, A., Frenkel, W., and Kersten, J. (2020). Kalman Filter-Based Online Identification of the Electric Power Characteristic of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Aiming at Maximum Power Point Tracking. Algorithms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/a13030058"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bove, R., and Ubertini, S. (2008). 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[2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/13\/4\/76\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:11:27Z","timestamp":1760173887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/13\/4\/76"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["a13040076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a13040076","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4893"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]}}}