{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:58:18Z","timestamp":1760237898819,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Standard (Lomb-Scargle, likelihood, etc.) procedures for power-spectrum analysis provide convenient estimates of the significance of any peak in a power spectrum, based\u2014typically\u2014on the assumption that the measurements being analyzed have a normal (i.e., Gaussian) distribution. However, the measurement sequence provided by a real experiment or a real observational program may not meet this requirement. The RONO (rank-order normalization) procedure generates a proxy distribution that retains the rank-order of the original measurements but has a strictly normal distribution. The proxy distribution may then be analyzed by standard power-spectrum analysis. We show by an example that the resulting power spectrum may prove to be quite close to the power spectrum obtained from the original data by a standard procedure, even if the distribution of the original measurements is far from normal. Such a comparison would tend to validate the original analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a13070157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T09:04:59Z","timestamp":1593507899000},"page":"157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The RONO (Rank-Order-Normalization) Procedure for Power-Spectrum Analysis of Datasets with Non-Normal Distributions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Sturrock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Space Science and Astrophysics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4060, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Scholkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Office for Complex Physical and Biological Systems, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00648343","article-title":"Least-squares frequency analysis of unequally spaced data","volume":"39","author":"Lomb","year":"1976","journal-title":"Astrophys. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1086\/160554","article-title":"Studies in astronomical time series analysis. II\u2014Statistical aspects of spectral analysis of unevenly spaced data","volume":"263","author":"Scargle","year":"1982","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.astropartphys.2005.05.001","article-title":"Evidence for solar neutrino flux variability and its implications","volume":"23","author":"Caldwell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1086\/377079","article-title":"Time-series analysis of Super-Kamiokande measurements of the solar neutrino flux","volume":"594","author":"Sturrock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2011.04.002","article-title":"Possible effect of solar tides on radon signals","volume":"102","author":"Steinitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.astropartphys.2018.02.003","article-title":"Analysis of gamma radiation from a radon source. II: Indications of influences of both solar and cosmic neutrinos on beta decays","volume":"100","author":"Sturrock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Astropart. Phys."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/13\/7\/157\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:45:02Z","timestamp":1760175902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/13\/7\/157"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"references-count":6,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["a13070157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a13070157","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4893"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]}}}