{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:28:02Z","timestamp":1760239682609,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, very large-scale decision support systems (DSSs) have been developed, which tackle very complex problems, associated with very extensive and polymorphic information, which probably is geographically highly dispersed. The management, updating, modification and upgrading of the data and program core of such an information system is, as a rule, a very difficult task, which encompasses many hazards and risks. The purpose of the present work was (a) to list the more significant of these hazards and risks and (b) to introduce a new general methodology for designing decision support (DS) systems that are robust and circumvent these risks. The core of this new approach was the introduction of a meta-database, called teleological, on the base of which management, updating, modification, reduction, growth and upgrading of the system may be safely and efficiently achieved. The very same teleological meta-database can be used for the construction of a sound decision support system, incorporating elements of a previous one at a future stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a13120341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T21:25:08Z","timestamp":1607981108000},"page":"341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Design Limitations, Errors and Hazards in Creating Decision Support Platforms with Large- and Very Large-Scale Data and Program Cores"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Elias","family":"Koukoutsis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15708 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constantin","family":"Papaodysseus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15708 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7772-5056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Tsavdaridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hellenic Army General Staff, 15708 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1367-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos V.","family":"Karadimas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mathematics and Engineering Science, Department of Military Science, Hellenic Army Academy, 21100 Nafplion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Ballis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15708 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Mamatsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15708 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9927-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios Rafail","family":"Mamatsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15708 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(02)00193-8","article-title":"A computer-based decision support system for vessel fleet scheduling\u2014Experience and future research","volume":"37","author":"Fagerholt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/03088830903187143","article-title":"Fleet deployment in liner shipping: A case study","volume":"36","author":"Fagerholt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Marit. Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2017.2665881","article-title":"A Decision Support System for User-Based Vehicle Relocation in Car Sharing Systems","volume":"48","author":"Clemente","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2017.10.027","article-title":"Unravelling the myth\u2014The use of Decisions Support Systems in marine management","volume":"87","author":"Bolman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104717","article-title":"A bibliometric analysis and systematic review of shipboard Decision Support Systems for accident prevention","volume":"128","author":"Gil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pieri, G., Cocco, M., and Salvetti, O. (2018). A Marine Information System for Environmental Monitoring: ARGO-MIS. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse6010015"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2012.12.001","article-title":"Decision support in intermodal transport: A new research agenda","volume":"64","author":"Caris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-09-2016-0410","article-title":"Decision support systems for sustainable logistics: A review and bibliometric analysis","volume":"117","author":"Qaiser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Manag. Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2015.2506540","article-title":"A Decision Support System for Optimizing Operations at Intermodal Railroad Terminals","volume":"47","author":"Dotoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Zhan, J., Ling, A., An, N., Li, L., Sha, Y., Li, X., and Liu, G. (2008, January 12\u201314). Building a Practical Ontology for Emergency Response Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society: Proceedings on, International Conference in Computer Science and Software Engineering CSSE \u201808 2008, Hubei, China."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5973.00164","article-title":"Complex Systems in Crisis: Anticipation and Resilience in Dynamic Environments","volume":"9","author":"Comfort","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Contingencies Crisis Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-017-0452-1","article-title":"Review of state-of-the-art decision support systems (DSSs) for prevention and suppression of forest fires","volume":"28","author":"Sakellariou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10100-018-0528-9","article-title":"An advanced decision support system for European disaster management: The feature of the skills taxonomy","volume":"26","author":"Rauner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Central Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-521X(02)00026-4","article-title":"Changing systems for supporting farmers\u2019 decisions: Problems, paradigms, and prospects","volume":"74","author":"McCown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2003.11.007","article-title":"Development of a web-based decision support system (DSS) for managing large international rivers","volume":"14","author":"Salewicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2010.07.003","article-title":"A user-centered approach for the design and implementation of KDD-based DSS: A case study in the healthcare domain","volume":"50","author":"Ayed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3801(2003)17:3(159)","article-title":"Designer Centered Development of GA-Based DSS for Conceptual Design of Buildings","volume":"17","author":"Sisk","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3995.1998.tb00128.x","article-title":"A DSS for modelling logistic chains in freight transport policy analysis","volume":"5","author":"Tavasszy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Trans. Op. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.08.518","article-title":"Decision support systems in transport planning","volume":"161","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198106195700105","article-title":"Implementing the European Transport information System","volume":"1957","author":"Ballis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yatskiv, I., and Yurshevich, E. (July, January 29). Data Actualization Using Regression Models in Decision Support System for Urban Transport Planning. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Dependability and Complex Systems DepCoS-RELCOMEX 2015, Brun\u00f3w, Poland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19216-1_53"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2009.06.002","article-title":"The uses of cost\u2013benefit analysis in public transportation decision-making in France","volume":"16","author":"Damart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2010.12.005","article-title":"Composite decision support by combining cost-benefit and multi-criteria decision analysis","volume":"51","author":"Barfod","year":"2011","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor2416-010","article-title":"A Decision Support System for trade-off analysis and dynamic evaluation of forest ecosystem services","volume":"11","author":"Sacchelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"iFor.-Biogeosci. For."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loseto, G., Scioscia, F., Ruta, M., Gramegna, F., Ieva, S., Pinto, A., and Scioscia, C. (2020). Knowledge-Based Decision Support in Healthcare via Near Field Communication. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174923"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spoladore, D., and Sacco, M. (2018). Semantic and Dweller-Based Decision Support System for the Reconfiguration of Domestic Environments: RecAAL. Electronics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7090179"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3536","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2018.2890121","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Smart Decision Support Systems for Health Care","volume":"13","author":"Moreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Encyclopaedia Britannica (2020, December 06). Information System. Available online: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/information-system."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Archive of the European Integration (AEI), and European Sources Online (ESO) (2020, October 25). Information Guide: Trans-European Networks. Available online: http:\/\/aei.pitt.edu\/75428\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Port of Rotterdam (2020, October 25). Port Community System. Available online: https:\/\/www.portofrotterdam.com\/en\/doing-business\/services\/service-range\/port-community-system."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/0144164032000080494","article-title":"National and International Freight Transport Models: An Overview and Ideas for Future Development","volume":"24","author":"Gerard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-012-9422-9","article-title":"Recent developments in national and international freight transport models within Europe","volume":"40","author":"Vierth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Rich, J., Nielsen, O.A., Brems, C., and Hansen, C.O. (2010). Overall design of the Danish national transport model. Proceedings of the Annual Transport Conference, Aalborg University."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"86","article-title":"Smart Cities with Big Data: Reference models, challenges, and considerations","volume":"82","author":"Chiehyeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Direct"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2018.10.032","article-title":"Workshop Synthesis: Surveys on long-distance travel and other rare events","volume":"32","author":"Gerike","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2334-5837.2010.tb01057.x","article-title":"Design principles for Ultra-Large-Scale (ULS) Systems","volume":"20","author":"Sillitto","year":"2010","journal-title":"INCOSE Int. Symp."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriel, R.P., Northrop, L., Schmidt, D.C., and Sullivan, K. (2006, January 22\u201326). Ultra-large-scale systems. Proceedings of the Companion to the 21st ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications (OOPSLA 2006), Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1176617.1176645"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnott, D., and Dodson, G. (2008). Decision Support Systems Failure, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-48713-5_34"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Jovic, M., Tijan, E., Zgaljic, D., and Karanikic, P. (October, January 28). SWOT analysis of selected digital technologies in transport economics. Proceedings of the 43rd International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology, Digitalizing Logistics processes (DIGLOGS), Opatija, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2020, October 25). Limitations & Disadvantages of Decision Support Systems. Available online: https:\/\/www.managementstudyguide.com\/limitations-and-disadvantages-of-decision-support-systems.htm."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2020, October 25). Disadvantages of Decision Support Systems. Available online: http:\/\/dsssystem.blogspot.com\/2010\/01\/disadvantages-of-decision-support.html."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"United Nations, Treaty Collection, Depositary, Environment (2020, October 25). A Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Available online: https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/pages\/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7a&chapter=27&lang=en."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"United Nations, Climate Change, Process and Meetings (2020, October 25). The Kyoto Protocol-Status of Ratification. Available online: https:\/\/unfccc.int\/process\/the-kyoto-protocol\/status-of-ratification."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grubb, M., Vrolijk, C., and Brack, D. (2018). Routledge Revivals: Kyoto Protocol (1999): A Guide and Assessment, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315147024"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Oberth\u00fcr, S., and Hermann, E.O. (1999). The Kyoto Protocol: International Climate Policy for the 21st Century, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dearle, A. (2007). Software Deployment, Past, Present and Future, Future of Software Engineering (FOSE).","DOI":"10.1109\/FOSE.2007.20"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavvadia, H. (2020). Teleology in Systems Analysis and Design Methods. SSRN Electron. J.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3571021"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.165054","article-title":"Road, rail, and air transportation noise in residential and workplace neighborhoods and blood pressure (RECORD Study)","volume":"17","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2012.03.001","article-title":"Managing congestion and emissions in road networks with tolls and rebates","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"57","article-title":"Building a knowledge base for expert system in information security","volume":"270","author":"Atymtayeva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soft Comput. Artif. Intell. Adv. Intell. Syst. Comput."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(88)90185-3","article-title":"On knowledge based management systems: Integrating artificial intelligence and database technologies","volume":"33","author":"Breuil","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/13\/12\/341\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:44:42Z","timestamp":1760179482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/13\/12\/341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["a13120341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a13120341","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4893"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]}}}