{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:30:16Z","timestamp":1760236216011,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and the Research State Agency, co-financed by FEDER funds","award":["RTI2018-098156-B-C54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098156-B-C54"]}]},{"name":"the Valencian Ministry of Innovation, Universities, Science and Digital Society","award":["GV\/2021\/152."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GV\/2021\/152."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The proportion of video traffic on the internet is expected to reach 82% by 2022, mainly due to the increasing number of consumers and the emergence of new video formats with more demanding features (depth, resolution, multiview, 360, etc.). Efforts are therefore being made to constantly improve video compression standards to minimize the necessary bandwidth while retaining high video quality levels. In this context, the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding has been analyzing new video coding technologies to improve the compression efficiency with respect to the HEVC video coding standard. A software package known as the Joint Exploration Test Model has been proposed to implement and evaluate new video coding tools. In this work, we present parallel versions of the JEM encoder that are particularly suited for shared memory platforms, and can significantly reduce its huge computational complexity. The proposed parallel algorithms are shown to achieve high levels of parallel efficiency. In particular, in the All Intra coding mode, the best of our proposed parallel versions achieves an average efficiency value of 93.4%. They also had high levels of scalability, as shown by the inclusion of an automatic load balancing mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a14110320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T11:47:38Z","timestamp":1635767258000},"page":"320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Load Balancing Strategies for Slice-Based Parallel Versions of JEM Video Encoder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4937-0905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Migall\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Departement, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, 03202 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6968-061X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otoniel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Granado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Departement, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, 03202 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7071-8921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel O.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Departement, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, 03202 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6997-9953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Galiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Departement, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, 03202 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6493-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel P.","family":"Malumbres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Departement, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, 03202 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2012.2221191","article-title":"Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard","volume":"22","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Video Technol. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"ITU-T., and ISO\/IEC JTC 1 (2021, September 30). Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-H.264-201610-S."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2012.2221192","article-title":"Comparison of the Coding Efficiency of Video Coding Standards - Including High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)","volume":"22","author":"Ohm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Video Technol. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Cisco (2021, September 30). Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2017\u20132022. Available online: https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/solutions\/collateral\/service-provider\/visual-networking-index-vni\/white-paper-c11-741490.html."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Chen, J., Alshina, E., Sullivan, G.J., Ohm, J.R., and Boyce, J. (2021, September 30). Algorithm Description of Joint Exploration Test Model 7. Available online: https:\/\/mpeg.chiariglione.org\/standards\/exploration\/future-video-coding\/n17055-algorithm-description-joint-exploration-test-model."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Bross, B. (2021, September 30). Versatile Video Coding (Draft 2). Available online: https:\/\/mpeg.chiariglione.org\/standards\/mpeg-i\/versatile-video-coding."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Alshina, E., Alshin, A., Choi, K., and Park, M. (2016, January 20\u201326). Performance of JEM 1 tools analysis. Technical report. Proceedings of the JVET-B0044 3rd 2nd JVET Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Schwarz, H., Rudat, C., Siekmann, M., Bross, B., Marpe, D., and Wiegand, T. (2016, January 20\u201326). Coding Efficiency Complexity Analysis of JEM 1.0 coding tools for the Random Access Configuration. Technical report. Proceedings of the JVET-B0044 3rd 2nd JVET Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Karczewicz, M., and Alshina, E. (2021, September 30). JVET AHG Report: Tool Evaluation (AHG1). Available online: http:\/\/phenix.it-sudparis.eu\/jvet\/doc_end_user\/documents\/4_Chengdu\/wg11\/JVET-D0001-v4.zip."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Grois, D., Nguyen, T., and Marpe, D. (2021, September 30). Performance Comparison of AV1, JEM, VP9, and HEVC Encoders. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/319925128_Performance_comparison_of_AV1_JEM_VP9_and_HEVC_encoders_Conference_Presentation."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acceleration of the integer motion estimation in JEM through pre-analysis techniques","volume":"75","author":"Cuenca","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Bjontegaard, G. (2001). Calculation of average PSNR differences between RD-curves. Technical Report VCEG-M33, Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG)."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1429","article-title":"A highly scalable parallel encoder version of the emergent JEM video encoder","volume":"74","author":"Galiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Sullivan, G., and Ohm, J.R. (April, January 31). Meeting Report of the 6th meeting of the Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET). Technical report. Proceedings of the Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) of ITU-T SG 16 WP 3 and ISO\/IEC JTC 1\/SC 29\/WG 11, Hobart, AU, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Chen, J., Sullivan, G., and Ohm, J.R. (2017, January 13\u201321). Algorithm Description of Joint Exploration Test Model 7 (JEM 7). Technical report. Proceedings of the Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) of ITU-T SG 16 WP 3 and ISO\/IEC JTC 1\/SC 29\/WG 11-JVET-G1001-v1, Turin, IT, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sze, V., Budagavi, M., and Sullivan, G. (2014). High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-06895-4"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"ITU-T., and ISO\/IEC (2015). Algorithm Description of Joint Exploratory Test Model (JEM), Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET). Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Liu, S., and Lei, S. (2012, January 27\u201330). Intra mode coding in HEVC standard. Proceedings of the 2012 Visual Communications and Image Processing, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VCIP.2012.6410750"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Seregin, V., Zhao, X., Said, A., and Karczewicz, M. (2016, January 26\u201327). Neighbor based intra most probable modes list derivation. Technical Report JVET-C0055, Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET). Proceedings of the 3rd Meeting, Geneva, CH, USA."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-014-1371-y","article-title":"Slice-based parallel approach for HEVC encoder","volume":"71","author":"Malumbres","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2021, September 30). JEM Reference Software. Available online: https:\/\/jvet.hhi.fraunhofer.de\/svn\/svn_HMJEMSoftware\/tags\/HM-16.6-JEM-7.0rc1\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection (2021, September 30). Free Software Foundation, Inc. 2009\u20132012. Available online: http:\/\/gcc.gnu.org."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"OpenMP ARB (Architecture Review Boards) (2021, September 30). OpenMP Application Program Interface, Version 3.1. Available online: http:\/\/www.openmp.org."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Suehring, K. (2016, January 15\u201321). JVET common test conditions and software reference configurations. Proceedings of the Technical Report JVET-B1010, Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET), San Diego, CA, USA."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/14\/11\/320\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:24:18Z","timestamp":1760167458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/14\/11\/320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["a14110320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a14110320","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4893"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}}}