{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:40:19Z","timestamp":1760236819506,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Norwegian Research Centre","award":["212019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present an algorithm for simultaneous retrieval of aerosol and marine parameters in coastal waters. The algorithm is based on a radiative transfer forward model for a coupled atmosphere-ocean system, which is used to train a radial basis function neural network (RBF-NN) to obtain a fast and accurate method to compute radiances at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) for given aerosol and marine input parameters. The inverse modelling algorithm employs multidimensional unconstrained non-linear optimization to retrieve three marine parameters (concentrations of chlorophyll and mineral particles, as well as absorption by coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM)), and two aerosol parameters (aerosol fine-mode fraction and aerosol volume fraction). We validated the retrieval algorithm using synthetic data and found it, for both low and high sun, to predict each of the five parameters accurately, both with and without white noise added to the top of the atmosphere (TOA) radiances. When varying the solar zenith angle (SZA) and retraining the RBF-NN without noise added to the TOA radiance, we found the algorithm to predict the CDOM absorption, chlorophyll concentration, mineral concentration, aerosol fine-mode fraction, and aerosol volume fraction with correlation coefficients greater than 0.72, 0.73, 0.93, 0.67, and 0.87, respectively, for 45\u2218\u2264 SZA \u2264 75\u2218. By adding white Gaussian noise to the TOA radiances with varying values of the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), we found the retrieval algorithm to predict CDOM absorption, chlorophyll concentration, mineral concentration, aerosol fine-mode fraction, and aerosol volume fraction well with correlation coefficients greater than 0.77, 0.75, 0.91, 0.81, and 0.86, respectively, for high sun and SNR \u2265 95.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a15010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T08:38:46Z","timestamp":1640335126000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A New Algorithm for Simultaneous Retrieval of Aerosols and Marine Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4125-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taddeo","family":"Ssenyonga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda"}]},{"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"Frette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"given":"B\u00f8rge","family":"Hamre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"given":"Knut","family":"Stamnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Muyimbwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda"}]},{"given":"Nicolausi","family":"Ssebiyonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda"}]},{"given":"Jakob J.","family":"Stamnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.33.000443","article-title":"Retrieval of water-leaving radiance and aerosol optical thickness over the oceans with SeaWiFS: A preliminary algorithm","volume":"33","author":"Gordon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17081","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02443","article-title":"Atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery in the Earth Observing System era","volume":"102","author":"Gordon","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophy. 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