{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T03:11:22Z","timestamp":1762053082195,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department fellowships, Distinguished Professorship, Patrick Soon-Shiong Endowment Funds","award":["CNSI-2012-1184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNSI-2012-1184"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique to treat brain disorders by using a constant, low current to stimulate targeted cortex regions. Compared to the conventional tDCS that uses two large pad electrodes, multiple electrode tDCS has recently received more attention. It is able to achieve better stimulation performance in terms of stimulation intensity and focality. In this paper, we first establish a computational model of tDCS, and then propose a novel optimization algorithm using a regularization matrix \u03bb to explore the balance between stimulation intensity and focality. The simulation study is designed such that the performance of state-of-the-art algorithms and the proposed algorithm can be compared via quantitative evaluation. The results show that the proposed algorithm not only achieves desired intensity, but also smaller target error and better focality. Robustness analysis indicates that the results are stable within the ranges of scalp and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) conductivities, while the skull conductivity is most sensitive and should be carefully considered in real clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a15050169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T13:56:12Z","timestamp":1653054972000},"page":"169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Stimulation Montage Achieves Balanced Focality and Intensity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2000-3028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yushan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomimetic Research Lab, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomimetic Research Lab, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}]},{"given":"Wentai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomimetic Research Lab, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.03.038","article-title":"Treatment of Depression with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS): A Review","volume":"219","author":"Nitsche","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. 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