{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:56:16Z","timestamp":1783036576132,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Research and Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01DG21017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01DG21017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Research and Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["57557211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57557211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01DG21017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01DG21017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["57557211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57557211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increase of the Internet of Things (IoT) calls for secure solutions for industrial applications. The security of IoT can be potentially improved by blockchain. However, blockchain technology suffers scalability issues which hinders integration with IoT. Solutions to blockchain\u2019s scalability issues, such as minimizing the computational complexity of consensus algorithms or blockchain storage requirements, have received attention. However, to realize the full potential of blockchain in IoT, the inefficiencies of its inter-peer communication must also be addressed. For example, blockchain uses a flooding technique to share blocks, resulting in duplicates and inefficient bandwidth usage. Moreover, blockchain peers use a random neighbor selection (RNS) technique to decide on other peers with whom to exchange blockchain data. As a result, the peer-to-peer (P2P) topology formation limits the effective achievable throughput. This paper provides a survey on the state-of-the-art network structures and communication mechanisms used in blockchain and establishes the need for network-based optimization. Additionally, it discusses the blockchain architecture and its layers categorizes existing literature into the layers and provides a survey on the state-of-the-art optimization frameworks, analyzing their effectiveness and ability to scale. Finally, this paper presents recommendations for future work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a15060193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T09:42:32Z","timestamp":1654335752000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Survey on Network Optimization Techniques for Blockchain Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Antwi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi AK-448-3929, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Dzisi","family":"Gadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi AK-448-3929, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3242-9747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric Tutu","family":"Tchao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi AK-448-3929, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0878-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reliable Embedded Systems and Communication Electronics (ivESK), Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, 77652 Offenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8965-4371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Nunoo-Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi AK-448-3929, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7426-3909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Selasi","family":"Agbemenu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi AK-448-3929, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwame Opunie-Boachie","family":"Obour Agyekum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi AK-448-3929, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justice Owusu","family":"Agyemang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi AK-448-3929, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0641-6974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Welte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reliable Embedded Systems and Communication Electronics (ivESK), Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, 77652 Offenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4524-4370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliel","family":"Keelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi AK-448-3929, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9324035","article-title":"Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications","volume":"2017","author":"Sethi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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