{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:24:14Z","timestamp":1767338654285,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas (UTP)","award":["PRF 06B","YUTP-FRG 1\/2021 (015LC0-353)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRF 06B","YUTP-FRG 1\/2021 (015LC0-353)"]}]},{"name":"Predicting Missing Values in Big Upstream Oil and Gas Industrial Dataset Using Enhanced Evolved Bat Algorithm and Support Vector Regression","award":["PRF 06B","YUTP-FRG 1\/2021 (015LC0-353)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRF 06B","YUTP-FRG 1\/2021 (015LC0-353)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of the current study is to propose a novel meta-heuristic image analysis approach using multi-objective optimization, named \u2018Pixel-wise k-Immediate Neighbors\u2019 to identify pores and fractures (both natural and induced, even in the micro-level) in the wells of a hydrocarbon reservoir, which presents better identification accuracy in the presence of the grayscale sample rock images. Pores and fractures imaging is currently being used extensively to predict the amount of petroleum under adequate trap conditions in the oil and gas industry. These properties have tremendous applications in contaminant transport, radioactive waste storage in the bedrock, and CO2 storage. A few strategies to automatically identify the pores and fractures from the images can be found in the contemporary literature. Several researchers employed classification technique using support vector machines (SVMs), whereas a few of them adopted deep learning systems. However, in these cases, the reported accuracy was not satisfactory in the presence of grayscale, low quality (poor resolution and chrominance), and irregular geometric-shaped images. The classification accuracy of the proposed multi-objective method outperformed the most influential contemporary approaches using deep learning systems, although with a few restrictions, which have been articulated later in the current work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a16010042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T07:28:10Z","timestamp":1673249290000},"page":"42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Pixel-Wise k-Immediate Neighbour-Based Image Analysis Approach for Identifying Rock Pores and Fractures from Grayscale Image Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7688-7486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradeep S.","family":"Naulia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Data Science (CeRDAS), Universiti Technologi Petronas (UTP), Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arunava","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38119, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3322-2086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junzo","family":"Watada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information, Production and Systems Research Center, Waseda University, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 8080135, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2654-4463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izzatdin B. A.","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Data Science (CeRDAS), Universiti Technologi Petronas (UTP), Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2005.12.001","article-title":"Porosity in crystalline rocks\u2013a matter of scale","volume":"84","author":"Tullborg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2118\/10011-PA","article-title":"Core analysis for aid in reservoir description","volume":"34","author":"Keelan","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Pet. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, M., and Han, D.H. (2005, January 6). Pore shape effect on elastic properties of carbonate rocks. 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