{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T12:24:18Z","timestamp":1761740658447,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]],"date-time":"2023-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We developed a swarm intelligence-based model to study firm search across innovation topics. Firm search modeling has primarily been \u201cfirm-centric,\u201d emphasizing the firm\u2019s own prior performance. Fields interested in firm search behavior\u2014strategic management, organization science, and economics\u2014lack a suitable simulation model to incorporate a more robust set of influences, such as the influence of competitors. We developed a swarm intelligence-based simulation model to fill this gap. To demonstrate how to fit the model to real world data, we applied latent Dirichlet allocation to patent abstracts to derive a topic search space and then provide equations to calibrate the model\u2019s parameters. We are the first to develop a swarm intelligence-based application to study firm search and innovation. The model and data methodology can be extended to address a number of questions related to firm search and competitive dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a16020072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T04:19:22Z","timestamp":1674447562000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Modeling Firm Search and Innovation Trajectory Using Swarm Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ren-Raw","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gabelli School of Business, Fordham University, 45 Columbus Avenue, New York, NY 10019, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7130-8614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron D.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Martin J. Whitman School of Management, Syracuse University, 721 University Avenue, Suite 500, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA"}]},{"given":"Puay Khoon","family":"Toh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McCombs School of Business, University of Texas at Austin, 2110 Speedway, B6000, CBA 4.210, Austin, TX 78705, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.43.7.934","article-title":"Adaptation on Rugged Landscapes","volume":"43","author":"Levinthal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.2189\/asqu.53.4.593","article-title":"Effects of Search Timing on Innovation: The Value of Not Being in Sync with Rivals","volume":"53","author":"Katila","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adm. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Levinthal, D.A., and Marengo, L. (2018). 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