{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T10:32:15Z","timestamp":1763202735096,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes an interconnection of the MATLAB and GAMS software interfaces, which were designed based on a master-slave methodology, to solve the mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model problem associated with the problem regarding the optimal location and sizing of static distribution compensators (D-STATCOMs) in meshed and radial distribution networks, considering the problem of optimal reactive power flow compensation and the fact that the networks have commercial, industrial, and residential loads for a daily operation scenario. The objective of this study is to reduce the annual investment and operating costs associated with energy losses and the installation costs of D-STATCOMs. This objective function is based on the classical energy budget and the capacity constraints of the device. In the master stage, MATLAB software is used to program a discrete version of the sine-cosine algorithm (DSCA), which determines the locations where the D-STATCOMs will be installed. In the slave stage, using the BONMIN solver of the GAMS software and the known locations of the D-STATCOMs, the MINLP model representing the problem under study is solved to find the value of the objective function and the nominal power of the D-STATCOMs. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed master-slave optimizer, the 33-node IEEE test system with both radial and meshed topologies is used. With this test system, numerical comparisons were made with the exact solution of the MINLP model, using different solvers in the GAMS software, the genetic-convex strategy, and the discrete-continuous versions of the Chu and Beasley genetic algorithm and the salp swarm optimization algorithm. The numerical results show that DSCA-BONMIN achieves a global solution to the problem under study, making the proposed method an effective tool for decision-making in distribution companies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a16030138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T01:35:30Z","timestamp":1678066530000},"page":"138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Optimal Integration of D-STATCOMs in Radial and Meshed Distribution Networks Using a MATLAB-GAMS Interface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8131-134X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"German Francisco","family":"Barreto-Parra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Compatibilidad e Interferencia Electromagn\u00e9tica (GCEM), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0294-975X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon","family":"Cort\u00e9s-Caicedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Mecatr\u00f3nica y Electromec\u00e1nica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Metropolitano, Medell\u00edn 050036, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Danilo","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Compatibilidad e Interferencia Electromagn\u00e9tica (GCEM), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3995.1997.tb00059.x","article-title":"Minimization of energy losses in electric power distribution systems by intelligent search strategies","volume":"4","author":"Cavellucci","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Trans. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montoya, O.D., Gil-Gonz\u00e1lez, W., and Hern\u00e1ndez, J.C. (2021). Efficient operative cost reduction in distribution grids considering the optimal placement and sizing of D-STATCOMs using a discrete-continuous VSA. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052175"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawat, M.S., and Tamta, R. (2018, January 2\u20134). Optimal placement of TCSC and STATCOM for voltage stability enhancement in transmission network. Proceedings of the 2018 5th IEEE Uttar Pradesh Section International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (UPCON), Gorakhpur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/UPCON.2018.8596791"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92979","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2927303","article-title":"Energy management in power distribution systems: Review, classification, limitations and challenges","volume":"7","author":"Alam","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s40031-018-0344-6","article-title":"Optimal reconfiguration of distribution network using modified culture algorithm","volume":"99","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inst. Eng. (India) Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2013.07.011","article-title":"Optimal capacitor placement in radial distribution systems using teaching learning based optimization","volume":"54","author":"Sultana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2018.11.012","article-title":"Power transmission and distribution losses\u2014A model based on available empirical data and future trends for all countries globally","volume":"107","author":"Sadovskaia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satyanarayana, P., Radhika, A., Reddy, C.R., Pangedaiah, B., Martirano, L., Massaccesi, A., Flah, A., and Jasi\u0144ski, M. (2023). Combined DC-Link Fed Parallel-VSI-Based DSTATCOM for Power Quality Improvement of a Solar DG Integrated System. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12030505"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarlagadda, V., Geshmakumari, R., Rao, J.V., and Gadupudi, L. (2022, January 10\u201311). Mitigation of Harmonics in Distributed System with D-GCSC fed Loads using closed loop control of DSTATCOM. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Fourth International Conference on Advances in Electronics, Computers and Communications (ICAECC), Bengaluru, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAECC54045.2022.9716716"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muruganantham, B., Selvam, M.M., Gnanadass, R., and Padhy, N.P. (2017, January 21\u201323). Energy loss reduction and load balancing through network reconfiguration in practical LV distribution feeder using GAMS. Proceedings of the 2017 7th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS), Pune, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPES.2017.8387346"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Comisi\u00f3n de Regulaci\u00f3n de Energ\u00eda y Gas (CREG) (2022, December 29). Resoluci\u00f3n CREG 119, Available online: http:\/\/apolo.creg.gov.co\/Publicac.nsf\/Indice01\/Resolucion-2007-Creg119-2007."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimal number and location of TCSC and loadability enhancement in deregulated electricity markets using MINLP","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Electr. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2019.106521","article-title":"Power system loading margin enhancement by optimal STATCOM integration\u2014A case study","volume":"81","author":"Sreedharan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"9","article-title":"Compensadores est\u00e1ticos de potencia: Visi\u00f3n general y revisi\u00f3n del estado del arte","volume":"9","author":"Villalobos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. UIS Ing."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasiak, I., Mienski, R., Pawelek, R., and Gburczyk, P. (2007, January 9\u201311). Application of DSTATCOM compensators for mitigation of power quality disturbances in low voltage grid with distributed generation. Proceedings of the 2007 9th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/EPQU.2007.4424166"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2011.08.023","article-title":"A combination of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for optimal DG location and sizing in distribution systems","volume":"34","author":"Moradi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/etep.1710","article-title":"A novel method for optimal placement of distributed generation in distribution systems using HSDO: DG PLACEMENT IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS USING HSDO","volume":"24","author":"Kollu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2014.2364230","article-title":"Simultaneous reconfiguration, optimal placement of DSTATCOM, and photovoltaic array in a distribution system based on fuzzy-ACO approach","volume":"6","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.10.100","article-title":"Energy savings using D-STATCOM placement in radial distribution system","volume":"70","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2723","DOI":"10.1002\/etep.2723","article-title":"Optimal allocation of D-STATCOM and reconfiguration in radial distribution network using MOPSO algorithm in TOPSIS framework","volume":"29","author":"Talavat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2015.2394296","article-title":"A linear three-phase load flow for power distribution systems","volume":"31","author":"Garces","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2010.05.046","article-title":"Developing electricity distribution networks and their regulation to support sustainable energy","volume":"38","author":"Shaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2011.11.016","article-title":"Optimization of distributed generation systems using a new discrete PSO and OPF","volume":"84","author":"Jurado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electric Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"335","article-title":"Improved salp swarm algorithm for feature selection","volume":"32","author":"Hegazy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ.-Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2022.108346","article-title":"Minimization of the distribution operating costs with D-STATCOMS: A mixed-integer conic model","volume":"212","author":"Montoya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electric Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samimi, A., and Golkar, M.A. (2011, January 25\u201328). A novel method for optimal placement of STATCOM in distribution networks using sensitivity analysis by DIgSILENT software. Proceedings of the 2011 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/APPEEC.2011.5748491"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"267","article-title":"Optimal Placement of Custom Power Devices in Power System Network to Mitigate Voltage Sag under Faults","volume":"2","author":"Tanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2014.02.020","article-title":"Optimal location and sizing of DSTATCOM in distribution systems by immune algorithm","volume":"60","author":"Taher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2014.05.021","article-title":"Optimal location and sizing of Distribution Static Synchronous Series Compensator using Particle Swarm Optimization","volume":"62","author":"Devi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A.R., and Kumar, A. (2015, January 21\u201322). Optimal placement of D-STATCOM in distribution network using new sensitivity index with probabilistic load models. Proceedings of the 2015 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Engineering & Computational Sciences (RAECS), Chandigarh, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/RAECS.2015.7453316"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.11.563","article-title":"Optimal Placement and Sizing of DSTATCOM Using Harmony Search Algorithm","volume":"79","author":"Yuvaraj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2015.11.019","article-title":"Optimal placement and sizing of distributed generators and shunt capacitors for power loss minimization in radial distribution networks using hybrid heuristic search optimization technique","volume":"78","author":"Muthukumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s41403-017-0027-7","article-title":"The imperialist competitive algorithm for optimal multi-objective location and sizing of DSTATCOM in distribution systems considering loads uncertainty","volume":"2","author":"Sedighizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"INAE Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montoya, O.D., Chamorro, H.R., Alvarado-Barrios, L., Gil-Gonz\u00e1lez, W., and Orozco-Henao, C. (2021). Genetic-Convex Model for Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation in Distribution Networks Using D-STATCOMs. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11083353"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sannigrahi, S., and Acharjee, P. (2018, January 8\u201312). Implementation of crow search algorithm for optimal allocation of DG and DSTATCOM in practical distribution system. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Power, Instrumentation, Control and Computing (PICC), Thrissur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/PICC.2018.8384745"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amin, A., Kamel, S., Selim, A., and Nasrat, L. (2019, January 17\u201319). Optimal Placement of Distribution Static Compensators in Radial Distribution Systems Using Hybrid Analytical-Coyote optimization Technique. Proceedings of the 2019 21st International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEPCON47431.2019.9007924"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, S., and Mohanty, M.N. (2021, January 23). Simultaneous Optimal Placement and Sizing of D-STATCOMs Using a Modified Sine Cosine Algorithm. Proceedings of the Advances in Intelligent Computing and Communication, Bhubaneswar, India.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-0695-3_41"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montoya, O.D., Fuentes, J.E., Moya, F.D., Barrios, J.A., and Chamorro, H.R. (2021). Reduction of Annual Operational Costs in Power Systems through the Optimal Siting and Sizing of STATCOMs. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11104634"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106414","article-title":"Properties of convex optimal power flow model based on power loss relaxation","volume":"186","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"289","article-title":"Optimal placement of SVC incorporating installation cost","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hybrid Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Comisi\u00f3n de Regulaci\u00f3n de Energ\u00eda y Gas (CREG) (2022, December 30). Resoluci\u00f3n No. 024, Available online: http:\/\/apolo.creg.gov.co\/Publicac.nsf\/Indice01\/Resolucion-2005-CREG024-2005."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00202-017-0539-x","article-title":"A new interactive sine cosine algorithm for loading margin stability improvement under contingency","volume":"100","author":"Mahdad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2015.12.022","article-title":"SCA: A Sine Cosine Algorithm for solving optimization problems","volume":"96","author":"Mirjalili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soroudi, A. (2017). Power System Optimization Modeling in GAMS, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62350-4"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Gams (2022, December 30). GDXXRW. Available online: https:\/\/www.gams.com\/latest\/docs\/T_GDXXRW.html."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-0615(03)00046-2","article-title":"Optimal radial distribution system reconfiguration using fuzzy adaptation of evolutionary programming","volume":"25","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castiblanco-P\u00e9rez, C.M., Toro-Rodr\u00edguez, D.E., Montoya, O.D., and Giral-Ram\u00edrez, D.A. (2021). Optimal Placement and Sizing of D-STATCOM in Radial and Meshed Distribution Networks Using a Discrete-Continuous Version of the Genetic Algorithm. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10121452"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora-Burbano, J.A., Fonseca-D\u00edaz, C.D., and Montoya, O.D. (2022). Application of the SSA for Optimal Reactive Power Compensation in Radial and Meshed Distribution Using D-STATCOMs. Algorithms, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/a15100345"}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/16\/3\/138\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:47:41Z","timestamp":1760122061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/16\/3\/138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["a16030138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a16030138","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4893"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]}}}