{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T23:05:35Z","timestamp":1784156735839,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Council","award":["MOST 109-2410-H-009-022-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2410-H-009-022-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>QR codes (short for Quick Response codes) were originally developed for use in the automotive industry to track factory inventories and logistics, but their popularity has expanded significantly in the past few years due to the widespread applications of smartphones and mobile phone cameras. QR codes can be used for a variety of purposes, including tracking inventory, advertising, electronic ticketing, and mobile payments. Although they are convenient and widely used to store and share information, their accessibility also means they might be forged easily. Digital forensics can be used to recognize direct links of printed documents, including QR codes, which is important for the investigation of forged documents and the prosecution of forgers. The process involves using optical mechanisms to identify the relationship between source printers and the duplicates. Techniques regarding computer vision and machine learning, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), can be implemented to study and summarize statistical features in order to improve identification accuracy. This study implemented AlexNet, DenseNet201, GoogleNet, MobileNetv2, ResNet, VGG16, and other Pretrained CNN models for evaluating their abilities to predict the source printer of QR codes with a high level of accuracy. Among them, the customized CNN model demonstrated better results in identifying printed sources of grayscale and color QR codes with less computational power and training time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a16030160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T04:39:45Z","timestamp":1678855185000},"page":"160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Implementing Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for QR Code-Based Printed Source Identification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3142-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Jen","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Management, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Chu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Management, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Te-Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Management, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, B., Wu, J., and Kankanhalli, M.S. 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