{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:09:05Z","timestamp":1760148545738,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["252662854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252662854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The design of components suitable for manufacturing requires the application of knowledge about the manufacturing process chain with which the component is to be manufactured. This article presents an assistance system for decision support in the context of design for manufacturing. The assistance system includes explicit manufacturing process chain knowledge and has an inference engine that can automatically evaluate the manufacturability of a component design based on a given manufacturing process chain and resolve emerging manufacturing conflicts by making adjustments on the component or resource side. A link with a CAD system additionally enables the three-dimensional representation of derived manufacturing stages and manufacturing resources. Within the assistance system, a manufacturing process chain is understood as a configurable design object and is implemented via a constraint satisfaction problem. Furthermore, the required abstraction of manufacturing processes within finite domains can be reduced to the extent that necessary modeling resolution is achieved by incorporating empirical or simulative surrogate models into the CSP. The assistance system was conceptually validated on a tailored forming process chain for the production of a multimaterial shaft and provides added value, as valuable manufacturing information for component designs is automatically derived and made available in explicit form during the component development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a16050247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T03:49:06Z","timestamp":1683690546000},"page":"247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Process Chain-Oriented Design Evaluation of Multi-Material Components by Knowledge-Based Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7089-6322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut of Product Development, Leibniz University Hanover, 30823 Garbsen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0068-7167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Plappert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut of Product Development, Leibniz University Hanover, 30823 Garbsen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2642-3445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Gembarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut of Product Development, Leibniz University Hanover, 30823 Garbsen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3181-6323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Lachmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut of Product Development, Leibniz University Hanover, 30823 Garbsen, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehrlenspiel, K., Kiewert, A., Lindemann, U., and M\u00f6rtl, M. (2020). Kosteng\u00fcnstig Entwickeln und Konstruieren, Springer. [8th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-62591-0"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5273(03)00067-7","article-title":"Activity-based cost estimation in a push\/pull advanced manufacturing system","volume":"87","author":"Ozbayrak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender, B., and Gericke, K. (2021). Pahl\/Beitz Konstruktionslehre, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-57303-7"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1108\/01409171111128715","article-title":"Achieving mass customization through trust-driven information sharing: A supplier\u2019s perspective","volume":"34","author":"Liao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Manag. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2014.01.012","article-title":"Concurrent product configuration and process planning: Some optimization experimental results","volume":"65","author":"Pitiot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-013-0162-4","article-title":"A review of mass customization across marketing, engineering and distribution domains toward development of a process framework","volume":"25","author":"Ferguson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-008-0135-z","article-title":"Configuration for mass customization: How to extend product configuration towards requirements and process configuration","volume":"19","author":"Aldanondo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1177\/0954405412437125","article-title":"Manufacturability verification through feature-based ontological product models","volume":"226","author":"Anjum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Herrmann, K., Brockm\u00f6ller, T., Gembarski, P., Mozgova, I., and Lachmayer, R. (2021, January 20). Manufacturing stage-based design model for mechanical components. Proceedings of the Stuttgarter Symposium f\u00fcr Produktentwicklung SSP 2021, Stuttgart, Germany."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Behrens, B.A., Goldstein, R., Guisbert, D., and Duran, D. (2018, January 5\u20137). Thermomechanical Processing of Friction Welded Steel-Aluminum Billets to Improve Joining Zone Properties. Proceedings of the IFHTSE TPIM Conference, Spartanburg, SC, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Herrmann, K., Pusch, F., Plappert, S., Bode, B., Mozgova, I., Gembarski, P.C., and Lachmayer, R. (2023, January 25). Prozesskettenorientierte Herstellbarkeitsanalyse von Produkten durch die Nutzung eines Constraint-Satisfaction-Problems. Proceedings of the Stuttgarter Symposium f\u00fcr Produktentwicklung SSP 2023, Stuttgart, Germany."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suh, N.P. (2005). Complexity: Theory and Applications, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195178760.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Fredendall, L.D., and Gabriel, T.J. (2003, January 4\u20137). Manufacturing complexity: A quantitative measure. Proceedings of the POMS Conference, Savannah, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Gembarski, P.C. (2020, January 23\u201325). Modeling the Portfolio of Capabilities for Product Variant Creation and Assessment. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Mass Customizaon and Personalizaon\u2014Community of Europe (MCP-CE 2020), Novi Sad, Serbia."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"C7-1","article-title":"Materials selection in mechanical design","volume":"3","author":"Ashby","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Phys. IV"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.949.101","article-title":"Simulation Assisted Process Development for Tailored Forming","volume":"949","author":"Behrens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritz, A.H. (2015). Fertigungstechnik, Springer. [11th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46555-4"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brockm\u00f6ller, T., Siqueira, R., Gembarski, P.C., Mozgova, I., and Lachmayer, R. (2020). Computer-Aided Engineering Environment for Designing Tailored Forming Components. Metals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/met10121589"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11740-018-00870-3","article-title":"Analysis of potentials to improve the machining of hybrid workpieces","volume":"13","author":"Denkena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prod. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11740-021-01022-w","article-title":"Introduction to tailored forming","volume":"15","author":"Behrens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prod. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Ullman, D.G. (2009). The Mechanical Design Process, David Ullman LLC."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Tempelman, E., Van Eyben, B.N., and Shercliff, H. (2014). Manufacturing and Design: Understanding the Principles of How Things Are Made, Butterworth-Heinemann."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Gembarski, P.C., Sauthoff, B., Brockm\u00f6ller, T., and Lachmayer, R. (2016, January 16\u201319). Operationalization of Manufacturing Restrictions for CAD and KBE-Systems. Proceedings of the DESIGN 2016 14th International Design Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1080\/002075499191454","article-title":"Axiomatic design of flexible manufacturing systems","volume":"37","author":"Babic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"189","article-title":"Axiomatic Design Theory for Systems","volume":"10","author":"Suh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res. Eng. Des. Theory, Appl. Concurr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2006.11.002","article-title":"Axiomatic design as support for decision-making in a design for manufacturing context: A case study","volume":"109","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1017\/dsd.2020.302","article-title":"Challenges Faced by Design Engineers when Considering Manufacturing in Design\u2014An Interview Study","volume":"1","author":"Doellken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Des. Soc. Des. Conf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groche, P., Bruder, E., and Gramlich, S. (2017). Manufacturing Integrated Design, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52377-4"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vajna, S., Weber, C., Zeman, K., Hehenberger, P., Gerhard, D., and Wartzack, S. (2018). CAx f\u00fcr Ingenieure, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54624-6"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10257-005-0030-5","article-title":"ManufAg: A multi-agent-system framework for production control of complex manufacturing systems","volume":"4","author":"Stehli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/00207540010004340","article-title":"A distributed multi-agent environment for product design and manufacturing planning","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Martin, P. (2005). Advances in Integrated Design and Manufacturing in Mechanical Engineering, Springer."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"50","article-title":"Geometrieorientierter Prozesskettenentwurf f\u00fcr die Mikrofertigung","volume":"32","author":"Rippel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulkarni, N., Gupta, R., Khan, D., Gautham, B.P., Allen, J.K., Panchal, J., and Mistree, F. (2014). Inverse Design of Manufacturing Process Chains, American Society of Mechanical Engineers.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2014-34203"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-020-01654-2","article-title":"Approach to derive golden paths based on machine sequence patterns in multistage manufacturing process","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/0305215X.2018.1484121","article-title":"A method for the concurrent design and analysis of networked manufacturing systems","volume":"51","author":"Commuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Optim."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nellippallil, A.B., Rangaraj, V., Gautham, B.P., Singh, A.K., Allen, J.K., and Mistree, F. (2018). An Inverse, Decision-Based Design Method for Integrated Design Exploration of Materials, Products, and Manufacturing Processes. J. Mech. Des., 140.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4041050"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.04.136","article-title":"Information Model for the Integration of Manufacturing Restrictions into the Algorithm Based Product Development Process","volume":"50","author":"Albrecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-018-2099-2","article-title":"An ontology-based product design framework for manufacturability verification and knowledge reuse","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-014-6446-7","article-title":"Product design-process selection-process planning integration based on modeling and simulation","volume":"77","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1017\/pds.2022.78","article-title":"Feasibility Evaluation of Milling Designs Using Multi-Agent Systems","volume":"2","author":"Plappert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Des. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Herrmann, K., Altun, O., Wolniak, P., Mozgova, I., and Lachmayer, R. (2021, January 27\u201328). Methodical design of development environments according to the Generative Parametric Design Approach. Proceedings of the 32nd Symposium Design for X, DFX 2021, Tutzing, Germany."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(98)00364-6","article-title":"Constraint satisfaction problems: Algorithms and applications","volume":"119","author":"Brailsford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Kumar, V. (1992). Algorithms for Constraint-Satisfaction Problems: A Survey. AI Mag., 13."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Bartak, R. (2005). Constraint Propagation and Backtracking-Based Search, Charles Universit\u00e4t."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Felfernig, A., Hotz, L., Bagley, C., and Tiihonen, J. (2014). Knowledge-Based Configuration, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Stokes, M. (2001). Managing Engineering Knowledge: MOKA-Methodology for Knowledge Based Engineering Applications, Wiley-Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11740-020-00994-5","article-title":"Enhancement of the interface of friction welded steel-aluminium joints","volume":"15","author":"Behrens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prod. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99996-8_2","article-title":"Case-based parametric analysis: A method for design of tailored forming hybrid material component","volume":"853","author":"Siqueira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst. Comput."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Freudenthaler, B. (2012). Case-Based Reasoning (CBR): Grundlagen und Ausgew\u00e4hlte Anwendungsgebiete des Fallbasierten Schlie\u00dfens, AV Akademikerverlag."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Ronacher, A. (2023, January 05). Flask. GitHub Repos. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/pallets\/flask."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Oriani, A. (2022, December 10). PyInventor\u2014A Python based Autodesk Inventor API module. GitHub Repos. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/AndrewOriani\/PyInventor."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Varoquaux, G., Vaught, T., and Millman, J. (2008, January 19\u201324). Exploring Network Structure, Dynamics, and Function using NetworkX. Proceedings of the 7th Python in Science Conference, Pasadena, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1109\/69.729707","article-title":"The Distributed Constraint Satisfaction Problem: Formalization and Algorithms","volume":"10","author":"Yokoo","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/16\/5\/247\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:31:55Z","timestamp":1760124715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/16\/5\/247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["a16050247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a16050247","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4893"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]}}}