{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:16:19Z","timestamp":1760148979886,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]],"date-time":"2023-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","award":["100% Discount for the APC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100% Discount for the APC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To optimize the workflow of civil engineering construction in a harbour, this paper developed a framework of the contaminant leaching assessment carried out on the stabilized\/solidified dredged soil material. The specimens included the sampled sediments collected from the in situ fieldwork in Arendal and Kongshavn. The background levels of the concentration of pollutants were evaluated to assess the cumulative surface leaching of substances from samples over two months. The contamination of soil was assessed using a structured workflow scheme on the following toxic substances, heavy metals\u2014As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Zn; organic compounds\u2014PAH-16 and PCB; and organotin compounds\u2014TBT. The numerical computation and data analysis were applied to the results of geochemical testing creating computerised solutions to soil quality evaluation in civil engineering. Data modelling enabled the estimation of leaching of the contaminants in one year. The estimated leaching of As is 0.9153 mg\/m2, for Ni\u20142.8178 mg\/m2, for total PAH-16 as 0.0507 mg\/m2, and for TBT\u20140.00061 mg\/m2 per year. The performance of the sediments was examined with regard to permeability through a series of the controlled experiments. The environmental engineering tests were implemented in the Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) in a triplicate mode over 64 days. The results were compared for several sites and showed that the amount of As is slightly higher in Kongshavn than for Arendal, while the content of Cd, Cr, and Ni is lower. For TBT, the levels are significantly lower than for those at Arendal. The algorithm of permeability tests evaluated the safety of foundation soil for construction of embankments and structures. The optimized assessment methods were applied for monitoring coastal areas through the evaluated permeability of soil and estimated leaching rates of heavy metals, PHB, PACs, and TBT in selected test sites in harbours of southern Norway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a16060303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T01:59:51Z","timestamp":1687139991000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optimized Workflow Framework in Construction Projects to Control the Environmental Properties of Soil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0577-9936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per","family":"Lindh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Investments Technology and Environment, Swedish Transport Administration, Neptunigatan 52, P.O. Box 366, SE-201 23 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Building Materials, Department of Building and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Engineering (LTH), Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5759-1089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polina","family":"Lemenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis (LISA), \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Bruxelles (Brussels Faculty of Engineering), Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Building L, Campus de Solbosch, ULB\u2013LISA CP165\/57, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chesworth, W. (2008). Encyclopedia of Soil Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-3995-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias-Jaramillo, Y.P., G\u00f3mez-Cano, D., Carvajal, G.I., Hidalgo, C.A., and Mu\u00f1oz, F. (2023). Evaluation of the Effect of Binary Fly Ash-Lime Mixture on the Bearing Capacity of Natural Soils: A Comparison with Two Conventional Stabilizers Lime and Portland Cement. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16113996"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000806","article-title":"Properties of Two Model Soils Stabilized with Different Blends and Contents of GGBS, MgO, Lime, and PC","volume":"26","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, A.A.S., Figueiredo, D., and Rasteiro, M.G. (2023). An Experimental Design Methodology to Evaluate the Key Parameters on Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes Applied in Soil Stabilization. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13084880"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:3(217)","article-title":"Evaluation and Analysis of Soil Washing for Seven Lead-Contaminated Soils","volume":"123","author":"Benschoten","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-025X(2003)7:1(19)","article-title":"Remediation of Contaminated Soils by Surfactant-Aided Soil Washing","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Chu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(1994)120:5(1151)","article-title":"Soil Washing and Biotreatment of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils","volume":"120","author":"Bhandari","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.258","article-title":"Determining soil permeability from pressuremeter tests","volume":"27","author":"Rangeard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.24425\/ame.2022.141522","article-title":"Permeability, compressive strength and Proctor parameters of silts stabilised by Portland cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)","volume":"69","author":"Lindh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"150","article-title":"Model estimates soil permeability using induced polarization","volume":"93","author":"Schultz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2002)7:1(6)","article-title":"Improving the Response of Soil-Metal Structures during Construction","volume":"7","author":"Mohammed","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Zayyat, M.M., Jackson, A.W., Tanaka, T., Hino, T., and Matsuba, Y. (2005). Innovations in Grouting and Soil Improvement, ASCE."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheob, M., Sajid, M., Asim Ansari, M., Rais, I., Sadique, M., and Ahmad, S. (2023). Using a blend of cement and waste glass powder to improve the properties of clayey soil. Mater. Today Proc.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.05.440"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Tiwari, B., Ajmera, B., Moubayed, S., Lemmon, A., Styler, K., and Martinez, J.G. (2014). Geo-Congress 2014 Technical Papers, ASCE."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dharini, V., Balamaheswari, M., and Nevis Presentia, A. (2023). Enhancing the strength of expansive clayey soil using lime as soil stabilizing agent along with sodium silicate as grouting chemical. Mater. Today Proc.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.05.156"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jterra.2023.03.003","article-title":"Review on soil shear strength with loam sand soil results using direct shear test","volume":"107","author":"Kiss","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Terramechanics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4022031","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004172","article-title":"Improving the Properties of Soft Clay Using Cement, Slag, and Nanosilica: Experimental and Statistical Modeling","volume":"34","author":"Eissa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.131887","article-title":"Efficient machine learning method for evaluating compressive strength of cement stabilized soft soil","volume":"392","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1061\/TACEAT.0004955","article-title":"Essential Consideration in the Stabilization of Soil","volume":"103","author":"Hogentogler","year":"1938","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/rem.3440050407","article-title":"Case study: Using soil washing\/leaching for the removal of heavy metal at the twin cities army ammunition plant","volume":"5","author":"Fristad","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remediat. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C4014002","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000250","article-title":"Demonstrating Leaching Reductions of NAPL-Impacted Soils Treated with Stabilization\/Solidification Using Modified EPA Method 1315","volume":"19","author":"Finney","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(1993)119:5(825)","article-title":"Remediation of Chromium-Containing Soils by Heap Leaching: Column Study","volume":"119","author":"Hanson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100419","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.202100419","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Soil Washing for Metals-Contaminated Soil Using Various Washing Solutions","volume":"50","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clean\u2014Soil Air Water"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Mizutani, S., Ikegami, M., Sakanakura, H., and Kanjo, Y. (2016). Environmental Remediation Technologies for Metal-Contaminated Soils, Springer."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04020030","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003083","article-title":"Engineering Properties of Biocementation Coarse- and Fine-Grained Sand Catalyzed By Bacterial Cells and Bacterial Enzyme","volume":"32","author":"Hoang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Schaefers, K., and Nam, S. (2015). IFCEE 2015, ASCE."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Krisdani, H., Rahardjo, H., and Leong, E.C. (2005). Waste Containment and Remediation, ASCE."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04021198","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002699","article-title":"Effect of Temperature on the Strength of Lime-Cement Stabilized Norwegian Clays","volume":"148","author":"Bache","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1061\/AJGEB6.0000957","article-title":"Cyclic and Static Laboratory Tests on Drammen Clay","volume":"106","author":"Andersen","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Eng. Div."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04020080","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002318","article-title":"Validation of Monotonic and Cyclic p-y Framework by Lateral Pile Load Tests in Stiff, Overconsolidated Clay at the Haga Site","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Binner, R., Homberg, U., Prohaska, S., Kalbe, U., and Witt, K.J. (2010). Scour and Erosion, Proceedings of the Chapter International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-5), San Francisco, CA, USA, 7\u201310 November 2010, ASCE."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04023008","DOI":"10.1061\/JHTRBP.HZENG-1195","article-title":"Effect of Grain Size Distribution of Soil on Immobilization of Cadmium and Nickel in Contaminated Soil Using Nano Zerovalent Iron: A Factorial Design and Response Surface Methodology Approach","volume":"27","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ibrahim, R., and Nissen, M. (2012). Towards a Vision for Information Technology in Civil Engineering, ASCE."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04019007","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000822","article-title":"Computationally Efficient Simulation in Urban Mechanized Tunneling Based on Multilevel BIM Models","volume":"33","author":"Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindh, P., and Lemenkova, P. (2022). Simplex Lattice Design and X-ray Diffraction for Analysis of Soil Structure: A Case of Cement-Stabilised Compacted Tills Reinforced with Steel Slag and Slaked Lime. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11223726"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4019058","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001322","article-title":"Optimal Strategy to Mitigate Tunnel-Induced Settlement in Soft Soils: Simulation Approach","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Perform. Constr. Facil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.14311\/AP.2023.63.0140","article-title":"Utilising Pareto efficiency and RSM to adjust binder content in clay stabilisation for Yttre Ringv\u00e4gen, Malm\u00f6","volume":"63","author":"Lindh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Polytech."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Wei, W. (2023). World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2023, ASCE."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, S.A.S., Sanaulla, P.F., Alnuaim, A.M., and Moghal, A.A.B. (2016, January 25\u201327). Role of Different Leaching Methods to Arrest the Transport of Ni2+ in Soil and Soil Amended with Nano Calcium Silicate. Proceedings of the Geo-China 2016, Shandong, China.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784480045.007"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, F.G., Kalbe, U., and Berger, W. (2008, January 9\u201312). Waste Characterization by Leaching and Extraction Procedures. Proceedings of the GeoCongress 2008, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/40970(309)85"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04017026","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001219","article-title":"Remediation of Heavy Metals Contaminated Silty Clay Loam Soil by Column Extraction with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Nitrilo Triacetic Acid","volume":"143","author":"Naghipour","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Wang, F., and Al-Tabbaa, A. (2014). Geo-Congress 2014 Technical Papers, ASCE."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(2001)127:5(420)","article-title":"Heavy Metal Sorption and Hydraulic Conductivity Studies Using Three Types of Bentonite Admixes","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4018080","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002264","article-title":"Solidification and Stabilization of Heavy Metal\u2013Contaminated Industrial Site Soil Using KMP Binder","volume":"30","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Liang, Y. (2005). Impacts of Global Climate Change, ASCE."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aydilek, A.H., and Edil, T.B. (2008, January 9\u201312). Solidification\/Stabilization of PCB-Contaminated Wastewater Treatment Sludges. Proceedings of the GeoCongress 2008, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/40970(309)91"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136133","article-title":"The study on contamination of bottom sediments from the Odra River estuary (SW Baltic Sea) by tributyltin using environmetric methods","volume":"308","author":"Kucharski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"147","article-title":"Soil contamination from heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (PAH, PCB and HCB) in the coastal area of V\u00e4sternorrland, Sweden","volume":"38","author":"Lindh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gospod. Surowcami Miner.\u2014Miner. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.05.007","article-title":"TBT and TPhT persistence in a sludged soil","volume":"65","author":"Marcic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"236","article-title":"Evaluation of Different Binder Combinations of Cement, Slag and CKD for S\/S Treatment of TBT Contaminated Sediments","volume":"15","author":"Lindh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Autom."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-1116(97)80020-9","article-title":"Chapter 14\u2014Leaching tests","volume":"Volume 67","author":"Chandler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Residues"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5200\/baltica.2022.1.4","article-title":"Geochemical tests to study the effects of cement ratio on potassium and TBT leaching and the pH of the marine sediments from the Kattegat Strait, Port of Gothenburg, Sweden","volume":"35","author":"Lindh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Baltica"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000920","article-title":"Experimental Studies on Stabilized Clays at Various Leaching Cycles","volume":"139","author":"Chittoori","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-025X(2008)12:3(150)","article-title":"Multicriteria Optimization of a Chemical Leaching Process for Sewage Sludge Decontamination","volume":"Volume 12","author":"Beauchesne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"537","article-title":"Leaching of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soil Stabilised by Portland Cement and Slag Bremen","volume":"29","author":"Lindh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Chem. Eng. S"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreck, S., Mahedi, M., and Cetin, B. (2020, January 25\u201328). Leaching Behavior of Metals and Sulfate from Taconite Tailings Used in Pavement Construction. Proceedings of the Geo-Congress 2020, Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482827.018"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000668","article-title":"Evaluation of Leaching Protocols for Testing of High-Carbon Coal Fly Ash-Soil Mixtures","volume":"139","author":"Becker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:5(492)","article-title":"Long-Term Solidification\/Stabilization and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure for an Electric Arc Furnace Dust","volume":"130","author":"Fuessle","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04018089","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001980","article-title":"Trace Metal Leaching from Steel Slag Used in Structural Fills","volume":"144","author":"Dayioglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000653","article-title":"Trace Elements Leaching from Organic Soils Stabilized with High Carbon Fly Ash","volume":"138","author":"Sauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04018019","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001330","article-title":"Method for Improving Leaching Efficiency of Coastal Subsurface Drainage Systems","volume":"144","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012977829536","article-title":"Remediation of Lead Contaminated Soils by Stabilization\/Solidification","volume":"133","author":"Alpaslan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Wu, D., Tan, X., Yu, P., and Xu, L. (2023). Review of the Interactions between Conventional Cementitious Materials and Heavy Metal Ions in Stabilization\/Solidification Processing. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16093444"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H., Shi, L., Chen, R., and Yuan, J. (2023). Effect of Modified Illite on Cd Immobilization and Fertility Enhancement of Acidic Soils. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15064950"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Paniagua, P., Ritter, S., Moseid, M., and Okkenhaug, G. (2023). Geo-Congress 2023: Soil Improvement, Geoenvironmental, and Sustainability, ASCE."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.129757","article-title":"Mechanical behavior, mineralogy, and microstructure of alkali-activated wastes-based binder for a clayey soil stabilization","volume":"362","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06020026","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003595","article-title":"Sustainable Binders Stabilizing Dispersive Clay","volume":"33","author":"Filho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0899-1561(2000)12:4(307)","article-title":"Stabilization of Clay with Inorganic By-Products","volume":"12","author":"Kukko","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06018009","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002385","article-title":"Use of a Waste-Based Binder for High Water Content Soil Treatment","volume":"30","author":"Lam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-00603-6","article-title":"Influence of sodium chloride on cement kiln dust-treated clayey soil: Strength properties, cost analysis, and environmental impact","volume":"23","author":"Ghavami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s40891-019-0171-0","article-title":"Subgrade Soil Stabilization Using Stone Dust and Coarse Aggregate: A Cost Effective Approach","volume":"5","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Geosynth. Ground Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12766","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11337-3","article-title":"Remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater using chemical reduction and solidification\/stabilization method: A case study","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(2007)133:12(1075)","article-title":"In Situ Technologies for Reclamation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments: Current Challenges and Research Thrust Areas","volume":"133","author":"Agarwal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.09.044","article-title":"Environmental remediation techniques of tributyltin contamination in soil and water: A review","volume":"235","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138861","article-title":"Biological and green remediation of heavy metal contaminated water and soils: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"332","author":"Sarker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130021","article-title":"Sustainable decontamination of heavy metal in wastewater and soil with novel rectangular wave asymmetrical alternative current electrochemistry","volume":"442","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.10.055","article-title":"Chemical dynamics of acidity and heavy metals in a mine water-polluted soil during decontamination using clean water","volume":"175","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2009.09.002","article-title":"Biotechnological strategies applied to the decontamination of soils polluted with heavy metals","volume":"28","author":"Kavamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-018-3784-3","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Soil Heavy Metal Contamination Treatments","volume":"229","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut. Vol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/recycling1030328","article-title":"Using Risk Assessment and Management Approaches to Develop Cost-Effective and Sustainable Mine Waste Management Strategies","volume":"1","author":"Karachaliou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Recycling"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.12688\/openresafrica.13383.1","article-title":"Cost reduction strategies in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil","volume":"5","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Res. Afr."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"7500","article-title":"The Work Flow and Operational Model for Geotechnical Investigation Based on BIM","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1680\/grim.2001.5.1.23","article-title":"Optimising binder blends for shallow stabilisation of fine-grained soils","volume":"5","author":"Lindh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.\u2014Ground Improv."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3390\/geotechnics2010005","article-title":"Recent Tendencies in the Use of Optimization Techniques in Geotechnics: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Boumezerane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geotechnics"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5129","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-017-2942-z","article-title":"The Influence and Optimization of Treatment Strategy in Enhancing Semiarid Soil Geotechnical Properties","volume":"43","author":"Rehman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.2714","article-title":"Optimization techniques for identifying soil parameters in geotechnical engineering: Comparative study and enhancement","volume":"42","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153419","DOI":"10.1080\/23311916.2022.2153419","article-title":"Selected AI optimization techniques and applications in geotechnical engineering","volume":"10","author":"Onyelowe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogent Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"(2011). Cement\u2014Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements (Standard No. SS-EN 197-1:2011)."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(2006). Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use in concrete, mortar and grout\u2014Part 1: Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria (Standard No. SS-EN 15167-1:2006)."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2478\/ncr-2021-0012","article-title":"Resonant Frequency Ultrasonic P-Waves for Evaluating Uniaxial Compressive Strength of the Stabilized Slag\u2013Cement Sediments","volume":"65","author":"Lindh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nord. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"(2019). Geotechnical investigation and testing\u2014Laboratory testing of soil\u2014Part 11: Permeability tests (ISO 17892-11:2019) (Standard No. SS-EN ISO 17892-11:2019)."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2015). Karakt\u00e4risering av Avfall\u2014Test av Grundl\u00e4Ggande Lakegenskaper\u2014Dynamisk Laktest f\u00f6r Monoliter Med Periodiskt Utbyte av Lakv\u00e4Tska vid Best\u00e4Mda Testf\u00f6Rh\u00e5Llanden [Characterization of waste\u2014Test of basic leach properties\u2014Dynamic Leach Test for Monoliths with Periodic Exchange of Leach Liquid at Specified Test Conditions] (Standard No. STD-8013628). (In Swedish)."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Zeffer, A., and Samuelsson, P.O. (2011). Sedimentprovtagning i Sm\u00e5B\u00e5Tshamnar i Stenungsund [Sediment Sampling in Marinas in Stenungsund], Stenungsund Municipality. (In Swedish)."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inui, T., Kamon, M., Katsumi, T., and Kida, A. (2008, January 9\u201312). Evaluating Cr(VI) Leaching from Recycled Waste Concrete Aggregate Using Acceleration Tests. Proceedings of the GeoCongress 2008, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/40970(309)35"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holleran, I., Wilson, D.J., Holleran, G., and Walubita, L.F. (2016, January 25\u201327). Reclaimed Asphalt Pavements and Contaminant Leaching-A Literature Review Study. Proceedings of the Geo-China 2016, Shandong, China.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784480052.003"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04021017","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000622","article-title":"Long-Term Leaching Behavior of Chromite Ore Processing Residue as Backfill Material and the Propagation of Chromium in the Surrounding Soil","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000721","article-title":"Leaching of Arsenic, Lead, and Antimony from Highway-Marking Glass Beads","volume":"139","author":"Sandhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000417","article-title":"Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Agricultural Soils Exemplified by Cr, Cu, and Zn","volume":"138","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:8(705)","article-title":"Evaluation of Electrokinetic Removal of Heavy Metals from Tailing Soils","volume":"128","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(2009)135:3(159)","article-title":"Treatment of Aluminum Plant Hazardous Wastes Containing Fluorides and PAH","volume":"135","author":"Bongo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05014002","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000821","article-title":"Geochemical Behavior of a Gravel Road Upgraded with Wood Fly Ash","volume":"140","author":"Nordmark","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/16\/6\/303\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:55:33Z","timestamp":1760126133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/16\/6\/303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["a16060303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a16060303","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4893"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]]}}}