{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:25:11Z","timestamp":1760149511728,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]],"date-time":"2023-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bees, like other insects, indirectly contribute to job creation, food security, and poverty reduction. However, across many parts of the world, bee populations are in decline, affecting crop yields due to reduced pollination and ultimately impacting human nutrition. Technology holds promise for countering the impacts of human activities and climatic change on bees\u2019 survival and honey production. However, considering that smart beekeeping activities mostly operate in remote areas where the use of grid power is inaccessible and the use of batteries to power is not feasible, there is thus a need for such systems to be energy efficient. This work explores the integration of device-to-device communication with 5G technology as a solution to overcome the energy and throughput concerns in smart beekeeping technology. Mobile-based device-to-device communication facilitates devices to communicate directly without the need of immediate infrastructure. This type of communication offers advantages in terms of delay reduction, increased throughput, and reduced energy consumption. The faster data transmission capabilities and low-power modes of 5G networks would significantly enhance the energy efficiency during the system\u2019s idle or standby states. Additionally, the paper analyzes the application of both the discovery and communication services offered by 5G in device-to-device-based smart bee farming. A novel, energy-efficient algorithm for smart beekeeping was developed using data integration and data scheduling and its performance was compared to existing algorithms. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed smart beekeeping device-to-device communication with data integration guarantees a good quality of service while enhancing energy efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a16080367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:48:50Z","timestamp":1690768130000},"page":"367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Design and Development of Energy Efficient Algorithm for Smart Beekeeping Device to Device Communication Based on Data Aggregation Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9318-8000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Ntawuzumunsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"African Center of Excellence in Internet of Things (ACEIoT), College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Kigali 4285, Rwanda"}]},{"given":"Santhi","family":"Kumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, School of ICT, Copperbelt University, Kitwe 21692, Zambia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8385-2094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Sibomana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Council of Science and Technology (NCST), Kigali 20093, Rwanda"}]},{"given":"Kambombo","family":"Mtonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education & Training Development Consulting, Lilongwe 207201, Malawi"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doppler, K., Ribeiro, C.B., and Kneckt, J. (March, January 28). Advances in D2D communications: Energy efficient service and device discovery radio. Proceedings of the 2011 2nd International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronics Systems Technology (Wireless VITAE), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/WIRELESSVITAE.2011.5940857"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hadyanto, D.P., Novariana, D.S., and Wulandari, A. (2021, January 15\u201317). Device-to-device communication in 5G. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Science and Engineering 2021 (IJCSE), Online, Serbia."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, Y., Du, Q., and Ren, P. (2013, January 9\u201313). Partial time-frequency resource allocation for device-to-device communications underlaying cellular networks. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2013.6655570"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6553692","article-title":"LTE Release 12 and Beyond","volume":"51","author":"Astely","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3254","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3254","article-title":"How to make key 5G wireless technologies environmentally friendly: A review","volume":"29","author":"MAlsharif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2020, May 24). Ericsson Mobility Report 2018. November 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/assets\/local\/mobility-report\/documents\/2018\/ericsson-mobility-report-november-2018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagapuri, L., Prabu, A.V., Penchala, S., Salah, B., Saleem, W., Kumar, G.S., and Aziz, A.S.A. (2022). Energy Efficient Underlaid D2D Communication for 5G Applications. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11162587"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1500","article-title":"A study on channel usage in a cellular ad-hoc united communication system","volume":"E81-B","author":"Adachi","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2319555","article-title":"A survey on device-to-device communication in cellular networks","volume":"16","author":"Asadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2791428","article-title":"A Survey on Human-Centric Communications in Non-Cooperative Wireless Relay Networks","volume":"20","author":"Jedari","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Qiu, X., Xuewen, L., Dong, K., and Zhu, S. (2013, January 11\u201314). Energy Efficiency Analysis in Device-to-Device Communication Underlying Cellular Networks. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 10th Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120238","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2937401","article-title":"An Efficient Resource Allocation Algorithm for D2D Communications Based on NOMA","volume":"7","author":"Alemaishat","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafar, M.H. (2022). An Efficient Resource Optimization Scheme for D2D Communication, Springer.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2022.03.002"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, M., Hwang, K., and Choi, S. (2012, January 6\u20139). Joint Mode Selection and Power Allocation Scheme for Power-Efficient Device-to-Device (D2D) Communication. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 75th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2012.6240196"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaacoub, E., Ghazzai, H., Alouini, M.-S., and Abu-Dayya, A. (2013, January 1\u20135). Achieving energy efficiency in LTE with joint D2D communications and green networking techniques. Proceedings of the 2013 9th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Sardinia, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2013.6583571"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.5350367","article-title":"Device-to-Device Communication as an Underlay to LTE-Advanced Networks","volume":"47","author":"Doppler","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2012.6163598","article-title":"Design Aspects of Network Assisted Device-to-Device Communications","volume":"50","author":"Fodor","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2013.071013.120787","article-title":"Device-to-Device Communications Underlaying Cellular Networks","volume":"61","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32409","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2839190","article-title":"System capacity maximization with efficient resource allocation algorithms in D2D communication","volume":"6","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25263","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2900422","article-title":"D2D communication mode selection and resource optimization algorithm with optimal throughput in 5G network","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00f6yhty\u00e4, M., Apilo, O., and Lasanen, M. (2018). Review of Latest Advances in 3GPP Standardization: D2D Communication in 5G Systems and Its Energy Consumption Models. Future Internet, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi10010003"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2023, June 01). Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2015\u20132020. December 2016. Available online: www.cisco.com."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1561\/0100000088","article-title":"Energy efficiency in wireless networks via fractional programming theory","volume":"11","author":"Zappone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Found. Trends Commun. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Ericsson White Paper (2011). More than 50 billion connected devices. Ericsson Tech. Rep., 284, 23\u20133149."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2328098","article-title":"What will 5g be?","volume":"32","author":"Andrew","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.2323971","article-title":"Energy-efficient scheduling and power allocation in downlink ofdma networks with base station coordination","volume":"14","author":"Venturino","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamruzzaman, M., Sarkar, N.I., and Gutierrez, J. (2022). A dynamic algorithm for interference management in D2D-enabled heterogeneous cellular networks: Modeling and analysis. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031063"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2500200","article-title":"Energy-efficient power control: A look at 5G wireless technologies","volume":"64","author":"Zappone","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2015.2512259","article-title":"A novel power consumption model for effective energy efficiency in wireless networks","volume":"5","author":"Sinaie","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4125","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2015.2480770","article-title":"Energy-efficient resource allocation for MIMO-OFDM systems serving random sources with statistical QoS requirement","volume":"63","author":"She","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/0583102406061499","article-title":"A summary review of wireless sensors and sensor networks for structural health monitoring","volume":"38","author":"Lynch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Shock. Vib. Dig."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"305","article-title":"Wireless intelligent sensor network for autonomous structural health monitoring","volume":"5384","author":"Sazonov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Mater. 2004 Smart Sens. Technol. Meas. Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palma, L., Pernini, L., Belli, A., Valenti, S., Maurizi, L., and Pierleoni, P. (2016, January 20\u201322). Ipv6 WSN solution for integration and interoperation between a smart home and AAL systems. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), Catania, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS.2016.7479840"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.4236\/wet.2011.23027","article-title":"A Industrial Timer and Real Time Keeper","volume":"2","author":"Yadav","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wirel. Eng. Technol."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/16\/8\/367\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:22:46Z","timestamp":1760127766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/16\/8\/367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["a16080367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a16080367","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4893"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]]}}}