{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T09:56:46Z","timestamp":1772963806741,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione di Sardegna, Progetto biennale bando 2021"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The standard photometric stereo model makes several assumptions that are rarely verified in experimental datasets. In particular, the observed object should behave as a Lambertian reflector, and the light sources should be positioned at an infinite distance from it, along a known direction. Even when Lambert\u2019s law is approximately fulfilled, an accurate assessment of the relative position between the light source and the target is often unavailable in real situations. The Hayakawa procedure is a computational method for estimating such information directly from data images. It occasionally breaks down when some of the available images excessively deviate from ideality. This is generally due to observing a non-Lambertian surface, or illuminating it from a close distance, or both. Indeed, in narrow shooting scenarios, typical, e.g., of archaeological excavation sites, it is impossible to position a flashlight at a sufficient distance from the observed surface. It is then necessary to understand if a given dataset is reliable and which images should be selected to better reconstruct the target. In this paper, we propose some algorithms to perform this task and explore their effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a16080375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T10:25:36Z","timestamp":1691231136000},"page":"375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ascertaining the Ideality of Photometric Stereo Datasets under Unknown Lighting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Crabu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9064-7876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Pes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9054-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giuseppa","family":"Tanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeSim\u2014Centro Studi \u201cIdentit\u00e0 e Memoria\u201d, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1117\/12.956740","article-title":"Photometric stereo: A reflectance map technique for determining surface orientation from image intensity","volume":"Volume 155","author":"Woodham","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Image Understanding Systems and Industrial Applications I"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191139","DOI":"10.1117\/12.7972479","article-title":"Photometric method for determining surface orientation from multiple images","volume":"19","author":"Woodham","year":"1980","journal-title":"Opt. 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