{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T02:07:59Z","timestamp":1761790079830,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP200102364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP200102364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Maitland Cancer Appeal","award":["DP200102364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP200102364"]}]},{"name":"University of Newcastle","award":["DP200102364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP200102364"]}]},{"name":"SURF program","award":["DP200102364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP200102364"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), a common objective is the approximation of unknown target functions y=f(x) using limited instances S=(x(i),y(i)), where x(i)\u2208D and D represents the domain of interest. We refer to S as the training set and aim to identify a low-complexity mathematical model that can effectively approximate this target function for new instances x. Consequently, the model\u2019s generalization ability is evaluated on a separate set T={x(j)}\u2282D, where T\u2260S, frequently with T\u2229S=\u2205, to assess its performance beyond the training set. However, certain applications require accurate approximation not only within the original domain D but in an extended domain D\u2032 that encompasses D as well. This becomes particularly relevant in scenarios involving the design of new structures, where minimizing errors in approximations is crucial. For example, when developing new materials through data-driven approaches, the AI\/ML system can provide valuable insights to guide the design process by serving as a surrogate function. Consequently, the learned model can be employed to facilitate the design of new laboratory experiments. In this paper, we propose a method for multivariate regression based on iterative fitting of a continued fraction, incorporating additive spline models. We compare the performance of our method with established techniques, including AdaBoost, Kernel Ridge, Linear Regression, Lasso Lars, Linear Support Vector Regression, Multi-Layer Perceptrons, Random Forest, Stochastic Gradient Descent, and XGBoost. To evaluate these methods, we focus on an important problem in the field, namely, predicting the critical temperature of superconductors based on their physical\u2013chemical characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a16080382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T12:38:59Z","timestamp":1691498339000},"page":"382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Learning to Extrapolate Using Continued Fractions: Predicting the Critical Temperature of Superconductor Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2570-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Moscato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Physical Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0598-0867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Nazmul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Physical Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"},{"name":"ResTech Pty Ltd., CE Building, Design Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Center, University of Washington, 3800 E Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0200-063X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., M\/C 221-C1, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2222-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathon","family":"Corrales de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., M\/C 221-C1, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tinkham, M. (1975). Introduction to Superconductivity: International Series in Pure and Applied Physics, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Tinkham, M. (2004). Introduction to Superconductivity, Courier Corporation. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014802","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.5.014802","article-title":"Enhanced superconductivity in the Se-substituted 1T-PdTe2","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. 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Sci."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/16\/8\/382\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:28:09Z","timestamp":1760128089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/16\/8\/382"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["a16080382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a16080382","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4893"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]}}}