{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:40:17Z","timestamp":1773967217681,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart rate variability (HRV) has emerged as an essential non-invasive tool for understanding cardiac autonomic function over the last few decades. This can be attributed to the direct connection between the heart\u2019s rhythm and the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The cost-effectiveness and ease with which one may obtain HRV data also make it an exciting and potential clinical tool for evaluating and identifying various health impairments. This article comprehensively describes a range of signal decomposition techniques and time-series modeling methods recently used in HRV analyses apart from the conventional HRV generation and feature extraction methods. Various weight-based feature selection approaches and dimensionality reduction techniques are summarized to assess the relevance of each HRV feature vector. The popular machine learning-based HRV feature classification techniques are also described. Some notable clinical applications of HRV analyses, like the detection of diabetes, sleep apnea, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, renal failure, psychiatric disorders, ANS Activity of Patients Undergoing Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation, and monitoring of fetal distress and neonatal critical care, are discussed. The latest research on the effect of external stimuli (like consuming alcohol) on autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity using HRV analyses is also summarized. The HRV analysis approaches summarized in our article can help future researchers to dive deep into their potential diagnostic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a16090433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T09:09:21Z","timestamp":1694423361000},"page":"433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Review of Methods and Applications for a Heart Rate Variability Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Suraj Kumar","family":"Nayak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, ADAMAS University, Kolkata 700126, India"}]},{"given":"Bikash","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3793-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biswaranjan","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics Department, Institute of Pharmacy & Technology, Salipur, Cuttack 754202, India"}]},{"given":"Jayaraman","family":"Sivaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India"}]},{"given":"Sirsendu Sekhar","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6720-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Wawrzyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dairy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9832-9274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Jarz\u0119bski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38\/42, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4618-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunal","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-006-0119-0","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability: A review","volume":"44","author":"Kannathal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. 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