{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T05:35:33Z","timestamp":1782538533828,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The area coverage problem solution is one of the vital research areas which can benefit from swarm robotics. The greatest challenge to the swarm robotics system is to complete the task of covering an area effectively. Many domains where area coverage is essential include exploration, surveillance, mapping, foraging, and several other applications. This paper introduces a survey of swarm robotics in area coverage research papers from 2015 to 2022 regarding the algorithms and methods used, hardware, and applications in this domain. Different types of algorithms and hardware were dealt with and analysed; according to the analysis, the characteristics and advantages of each of them were identified, and we determined their suitability for different applications in covering the area for many goals. This study demonstrates that naturally inspired algorithms have the most significant role in swarm robotics for area coverage compared to other techniques. In addition, modern hardware has more capabilities suitable for supporting swarm robotics to cover an area, even if the environment is complex and contains static or dynamic obstacles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a17010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T03:47:56Z","timestamp":1703044076000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Survey on Swarm Robotics for Area Coverage Problem"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dena Kadhim","family":"Muhsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, University of Technology\u2014Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed T.","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, University of Technology\u2014Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9059-5874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firas Abdulrazzaq","family":"Raheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control & Systems Engineering Department, University of Technology\u2014Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-017-0132-y","article-title":"Efficient spatial coverage by a robot swarm based on an ant foraging model and the L\u00e9vy distribution","volume":"11","author":"Schroeder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Swarm Intell."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01012","DOI":"10.1051\/itmconf\/20224201012","article-title":"Design and Implementation of a Touchless Hand Sanitizer Dispenser Mobile Robot","volume":"42","author":"Khaleel","year":"2022","journal-title":"ITM Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2014.12.034","article-title":"Distributed coverage control for concave areas by a heterogeneous Robot\u2013Swarm with visibility sensing constraints","volume":"53","author":"Kantaros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw9710","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aaw9710","article-title":"Minimal navigation solution for a swarm of tiny flying robots to explore an unknown environment","volume":"4","author":"McGuire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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