{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:36:49Z","timestamp":1760146609983,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union-funded project euPOLIS","award":["869448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["869448"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuous urbanization and climate change degrade urban living conditions. Nature-based solutions in architectural and urban design offer promising remedies but are often hindered by time, cost, and early design phase challenges. To address this, we present a Generative Design System framework utilizing AI-generated images and learning-to-rank algorithms. This system generates numerous image solutions to inspire architects and urban planners, significantly accelerating early design stages. To manage the overwhelming volume of images, we introduce a dilemma-based learning approach that employs learning-to-rank and smart bubble sorting algorithms to prioritize images based on user preference. A case study demonstrates the framework\u2019s potential, providing valuable insights into its application, benefits, and limitations in urban design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a17120538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T08:38:24Z","timestamp":1732523904000},"page":"538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Dilemma-Based Learning-to-Rank Approach for Generative Design in Urban Architectural Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0448-9459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kavouras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rural, Surveying and Geoinformatics Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus 9, Iroon Polytechniou Street, 157 72 Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4491-5854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Rallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rural, Surveying and Geoinformatics Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus 9, Iroon Polytechniou Street, 157 72 Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Zouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rural, Surveying and Geoinformatics Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus 9, Iroon Polytechniou Street, 157 72 Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7371-1071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Sardis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rural, Surveying and Geoinformatics Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus 9, Iroon Polytechniou Street, 157 72 Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3876-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eftychios","family":"Protopapadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, 156 Egnatia Street, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0612-5889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Doulamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rural, Surveying and Geoinformatics Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus 9, Iroon Polytechniou Street, 157 72 Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4064-8990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Doulamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rural, Surveying and Geoinformatics Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus 9, Iroon Polytechniou Street, 157 72 Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109128","article-title":"Does environmental pollution inhibit urbanization in China? 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