{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T09:59:01Z","timestamp":1773827941527,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of Naval Research Global (ONRG)","award":["N62909-24-1-2088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N62909-24-1-2088"]}]},{"name":"Office of Naval Research Global (ONRG)","award":["PF24211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PF24211"]}]},{"name":"\u201cFortalecimiento de Capacidad T\u00e9cnico-Cient\u00edfica del Grupo Sistemas de Control y Rob\u00f3tica 2024\u201d","award":["N62909-24-1-2088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N62909-24-1-2088"]}]},{"name":"\u201cFortalecimiento de Capacidad T\u00e9cnico-Cient\u00edfica del Grupo Sistemas de Control y Rob\u00f3tica 2024\u201d","award":["PF24211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PF24211"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optical communication systems face challenges like nonlinear noises, particularly Kerr-induced phase noise, which worsens with higher-order m-QAM formats due to their dense data-symbol sets. Advanced signal processing, including machine learning, is increasingly used to enhance signal integrity during demodulation. This paper explores the application of a spectral clustering algorithm adapted to deal with data streaming to mitigate nonlinear noise in long-haul optical channels dominated by nonlinear phase noise, offering a promising solution to a pressing issue. The spectral clustering algorithm was adapted to handle data streams, enabling potential real-time applications. Additionally, it was combined with a demapping process for m-QAM to resolve labeling inconsistencies when processing windowed data. We demonstrate that the spectral clustering algorithm outperforms the k-means algorithm in the face of nonlinear phase noise in \u221290, \u2212100, and \u2212110 dBc\/Hz scenarios at 1 MHz in a simulated 10 GHz symbol rate channel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a17120553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T04:04:04Z","timestamp":1733198644000},"page":"553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["m-QAM Receiver Based on Data Stream Spectral Clustering for Optical Channels Dominated by Nonlinear Phase Noise"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1180-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Solarte-Sanchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Metropolitano, Medell\u00edn 050013, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0168-7276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Marquez-Viloria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Metropolitano, Medell\u00edn 050013, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3893-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s E.","family":"Castro-Ospina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Metropolitano, Medell\u00edn 050013, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-0718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick","family":"Reyes-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Metropolitano, Medell\u00edn 050013, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8504-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Guerrero-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Manizales 170004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7720-8828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Botero-Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Metropolitano, Medell\u00edn 050013, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s1225","DOI":"10.1515\/joc-2020-0018","article-title":"Probing of nonlinear impairments in long range optical transmission systems","volume":"44","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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