{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:50:59Z","timestamp":1777517459708,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biohydrogen has been identified as an attractive renewable energy carrier due to its high energy density and green production from biomass and organic wastes. Efficient biohydrogen production is a challenge that demands precise control of process parameters. Regulation and optimization of biohydrogen production through advanced approaches are therefore necessary to improve its industrial viability. This study introduces an innovative proposal for controlling the Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) process by employing a neural network-based controller derived from a PID control framework. The neural network was trained using input\u2013output data, enabling it to maintain biohydrogen production purity at approximately 99%. The proposed neural network effectively simulates the dynamics of the PSA model, which is traditionally controlled using a PID controller. The results demonstrate exceptional performance and strong robustness against disturbances. Specifically, the neural network enables precise tracking of the desired trajectory and effective attenuation of disturbances, achieving a biohydrogen purity level with a molar fraction of 0.99.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a18040215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T07:41:51Z","timestamp":1744270911000},"page":"215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Implementation of an Intelligent Controller Based on Neural Networks for the Simulation of Pressure Swing Adsorption Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-0871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moises","family":"Ramos-Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de los Valles, University of Guadalajara, Carretera Guadalajara-Ameca, Km 45.5, Ameca 46600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7952-0337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Brizuela-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exact Sciences and Methodologies Department, University of Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzm\u00e1n 49000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4213-9540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Torres-Cantero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico Campus Colima, Av. Tecnologico # 1, Col. Liberaci\u00f3n, Villa de \u00c1lvarez 28976, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima\u2014Coquimatlan km 9, Valle de las Huertas, Coquimatl\u00e1n 28400, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0885-6391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Ortiz-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de los Valles, University of Guadalajara, Carretera Guadalajara-Ameca, Km 45.5, Ameca 46600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7835-8916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe D. J.","family":"Sorcia-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de los Valles, University of Guadalajara, Carretera Guadalajara-Ameca, Km 45.5, Ameca 46600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5756-5403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario A.","family":"Juarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TecNM\/ITS Irapuato, Irapuato 36821, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jair de Jes\u00fas Cambr\u00f3n","family":"Navarrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maily Soft, Consorcio de Innovaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Camsa SA de CV, Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa, Colonia Hornos # 1003, Interior 110, Acalpuco Guerrero 39355, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5624-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Mixteco-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural and Exact Sciences Department, University of Guadalajara, Ameca 46600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayra G.","family":"Mena-Enriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Guadalajara, Tonal\u00e1 45425, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael Murrieta","family":"Yescas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico, Campus Hermosillo, Av. Tecnologico 115, Colonia Sahuaro, Hermosillo Sonora 83170, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3790-7277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse Y.","family":"Rumbo-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de los Valles, University of Guadalajara, Carretera Guadalajara-Ameca, Km 45.5, Ameca 46600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1573","article-title":"Biofuels from Agricultural Biomass","volume":"31","author":"Demirbas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Sources Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bianco, E., and Blanco, H. (2020). 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