{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:18:48Z","timestamp":1778689128772,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010211","name":"Department of Education of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JJKH20251092CY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20251092CY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010211","name":"Department of Education of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZKP202018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZKP202018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010211","name":"Department of Education of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JBH01LX6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JBH01LX6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Changchun University","award":["JJKH20251092CY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20251092CY"]}]},{"name":"Changchun University","award":["ZKP202018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZKP202018"]}]},{"name":"Changchun University","award":["2024JBH01LX6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JBH01LX6"]}]},{"name":"Changchun Jiamei Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd.","award":["JJKH20251092CY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20251092CY"]}]},{"name":"Changchun Jiamei Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd.","award":["ZKP202018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZKP202018"]}]},{"name":"Changchun Jiamei Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd.","award":["2024JBH01LX6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JBH01LX6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Noises on the field can affect the electromechanical system characteristics in the bearing fault diagnostic process. This paper presents a deep learning-based fault-diagnosis model DRSN\u2013GCE (Deep Relative Shrinkage Network with Gated Convolutions and Enhancements), which is designed to deal with noise and improve noise resistance. In the first step, the data are preprocessed by adding different noises with different ratios of signal to noise and different frequencies to the vibration signals. This simulates the field noise environments. The continuous wavelet transformation (CWT), which converts the time-series signal from one dimension to a time-frequency two-dimensional image, provides rich data input for the deep learning model. Secondly, a convolutional gated layer is added to the deep residual network (DRSN), which suppresses the noise interference. The residual connection structure has also been improved in order to improve the transfer of features. In complex signals, the Gated Convolutional Shrinkage Module is used to improve feature extraction and suppress noise. The experiments on the Case Western Reserve University bearing dataset show that the DRSN\u2013GCE exhibits high diagnostic accuracy and strong noise immunity in various noise environments such as Gauss, Laplace, Salt-and-Pepper, and Poisson. DRSN\u2013GCE is superior to other deep learning models in terms of noise suppression, fault detection accuracy, and rolling bearing fault diagnoses in noisy environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a18060304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T09:58:09Z","timestamp":1747994289000},"page":"304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Research on CNC Machine Tool Spindle Fault Diagnosis Method Based on DRSN\u2013GCE Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4060-0935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3059-136X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jixuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuelian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2022.101552","article-title":"Multi-mode data augmentation and fault diagnosis of rotating machinery using modified ACGAN designed with new framework","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. 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