{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T17:47:29Z","timestamp":1763142449399,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62476247","62073295","62072409","2024C01214","LR21F020003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62476247","62073295","62072409","2024C01214","LR21F020003"]}]},{"name":"\u201cPioneer\u201d and \u201cLeading Goose\u201d R&amp;D Program of Zhejiang","award":["62476247","62073295","62072409","2024C01214","LR21F020003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62476247","62073295","62072409","2024C01214","LR21F020003"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["62476247","62073295","62072409","2024C01214","LR21F020003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62476247","62073295","62072409","2024C01214","LR21F020003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Point-of-interest (POI) recommendation is a crucial task in location-based social networks, especially for enhancing personalized travel experiences in smart tourism. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in this domain. Unlike classical deep learning-based methods, which focus on capturing various user preferences, LLM-based approaches can further analyze candidate POIs using common sense and provide corresponding reasons. However, existing methods often fail to fully capture user preferences due to limited contextual inputs and insufficient incorporation of cooperative signals. Additionally, most methods inadequately address target temporal information, which is essential for planning travel itineraries. To address these limitations, we propose PSLM4ST, a novel framework that enables synergistic interaction between LLMs and a lightweight temporal knowledge graph reasoning model. This plugin model enhances the input to LLMs by making adjustments and additions, guiding them to focus on reasoning processes related to fine-grained preferences and temporal information. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate the efficacy of PSLM4ST.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a18070376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T06:10:27Z","timestamp":1750399827000},"page":"376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Plugging Small Models in Large Language Models for POI Recommendation in Smart Tourism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Visual Information Intelligent Processing, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Supcon Information Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qihong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Visual Information Intelligent Processing, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Visual Information Intelligent Processing, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2698-3319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangjie","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Visual Information Intelligent Processing, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000250","article-title":"Realizing the potential of the internet of things for smart tourism with 5G and AI","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Sotiriadis, M., and Shen, S. 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