{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:09:17Z","timestamp":1783109357445,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), South Korea","award":["PEA 0321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PEA 0321"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Temperature control in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) poses significant challenges due to the process\u2019s inherent nonlinearities and uncertain parameters. This study proposes an innovative solution by developing an adaptive nonlinear proportional\u2013integral\u2013derivative (NPID) controller. The nonlinear gain that dynamically scales the error fed to the integrator is enhanced for optimized performance. The network\u2019s ability to approximate nonlinear functions and its online learning capabilities are leveraged by effectively integrating an NPID control scheme with a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). This synergistic approach provides a more robust and reliable control strategy for CSTRs. To assess the proposed method\u2019s feasibility, a set of simulations was conducted for tracking, disturbance rejection, and parameter variations. These results were compared with those of an adaptive RBFNN-based PID (APID) controller under identical conditions. The simulations indicated that the proposed method achieved reductions in maximum overshoot of 33.7% and settling time of 54.2% for upward and downward setpoint changes and 27.2% and 5.3% for downward and upward setpoint changes compared to the APID controller. For disturbance changes, the proposed method reduced the peak magnitude (Mpeak) by 4.9%, recovery time (trcy) by 23.6%, and integral absolute error by 16.2%. Similarly, for parameter changes, the reductions were 3.0% (Mpeak), 26.4% (trcy), and 24.4% (IAE).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a18070442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T11:12:34Z","timestamp":1752837154000},"page":"442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Adaptive Nonlinear Proportional\u2013Integral\u2013Derivative Control of a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Process Using a Radial Basis Function Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1153-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joo-Yeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Space Development & Energy Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang-Gyoo","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Power and Control Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama 1888, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gun-Baek","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maritime Industry Convergence, Mokpo National Maritime University, Mokpo 58628, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luyben, W.L. 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