{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:38:01Z","timestamp":1776119881613,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantum communication enables high-fidelity image transmission but is vulnerable to channel noise, and while advanced quantum error correction (QEC) can reduce such effects, its complexity and time-domain dependence limit practical efficiency. This paper presents a novel, low-complexity, and noise-resilient quantum image transmission framework that operates in the frequency domain using the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) combined with the three-qubit QEC code. In the proposed system, input images are first source-encoded (JPEG\/HEIF) and mapped to quantum states using single-qubit superposition encoding. Three-qubit QEC is then applied for channel protection, effectively safeguarding the encoded data against quantum errors. The channel-encoded quantum data are subsequently transformed via QFT for transmission over noisy quantum channels. At the receiver, the inverse QFT recovers the frequency-domain representation, after which three-qubit error correction, quantum decoding, and corresponding source decoding are performed to reconstruct the image. Results are analyzed using bit error rate (BER), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index measure (SSIM), and universal quality index (UQI). Experimental results show that the proposed quantum frequency-domain approach achieves up to 4 dB channel SNR gain over equivalent quantum time-domain methods and up to 10 dB over an equivalent-bandwidth classical communication system, regardless of the image format. These findings highlight the practical advantages of integrating QFT-based transmission with lightweight QEC, offering an efficient, scalable, and noise-tolerant solution for future quantum communication networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a18090574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T14:23:50Z","timestamp":1757600630000},"page":"574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Quantum Frequency-Domain Framework for Image Transmission with Three-Qubit Error Correction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1332-9786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udara","family":"Jayasinghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3336-620X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanuj","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2158-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143250","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3331218","article-title":"Augmented Reality and its Applications in Education: A Systematic Survey","volume":"11","author":"Zulfiqar","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85773","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3413337","article-title":"Immersive Creation of Virtual Reality Training Experiences","volume":"12","author":"Coelho","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"xviii\u2013xxxiv","DOI":"10.1109\/30.125072","article-title":"The JPEG still picture compression standard","volume":"38","author":"Wallace","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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